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发信人: dyj (reaction), 信区: EnglishTest 标 题: 12科学 发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu May 24 16:08:08 2001) 科学的几大特性渐进性、偶然性、客观性 发展的渐进性 Science advances in----spiral in that each new conceptual scheme----that phenomena explained by its predecessors and adds to those explanations. a discontinuous.. decries a repetitive.. vitiates a widening.. embraces an anomalous.. captures an explosive.. questions ------------------------ 答案:(C) spiral: n.1.螺线,蜷线 2.螺旋(形),螺旋形的东西 in that: conj.既然,因为 conceptual: a.1.概念的,理性的 2.概念艺术的 scheme: n.1.计划,方案 2.阴谋,诡计 3.系统,体制 4.图式 predecessor: n.1.前任,前辈 2.前身 discontinuous: a.1.不连续的,间断的,继续的 2.连贯的 decry: v.1.反对,谴责 2.诋毁 vitiate: v.1.使变质,污染,损坏 2.败坏,使堕落 3.造成…无效 embrace: v.1.拥抱 2.(欣然)接受,采用 3.信奉 4.包括(含) anomalous:a.1.反常的,异常的,不规模的,例外的 2.不协调的,不恰当的 capture: v.1.俘虏,捕获 2.占领,获得 3.引起(注意),迷住 科学是以一个不断拓宽着的螺旋形的形式发展的,因为每一个全新的概念体系既包容其 先 前的概念体系业已解释过的那些现象,又在那些旧有的解释的基础上增添新的内容。 Every new theory not only must ---- the valid predictions of the old theory, but must also explain why those predictions ---- within the range of that old theory. organize.. failed generate.. faltered promote.. functioned refute.. evolved accommodate.. succeeded ------------------------ 答案:(E) valid: a.1.有根据的,有理的,确凿的,令人信服的 2.有效的 prediction: n.1.预言,预料,预订 2.预言的事物 generate: v.1.产生,发生 2.造成,引起,导致 3.生育 falter: v.1.蹒跚,踉跄 2.颤抖,结巴地说 3.动摇,犹豫,畏缩 promote: v.1.提升,晋升 2.促进,提倡 3.促使(议案等)通过 4.发起,创办 5.宣传,推销 function: v.1.工作,活动,运转 2.行使职责,起作用 refute: v.驳斥,反驳,驳倒,辩驳 evolve: v.1.使逐步形成,发展 2.〔生〕进化形成,发育成 accommodate: v.1.使适应,使符合一致 2.调和,在…之间消弭纷争 3.给…提供方 便,通融 4.(宽绰地)容纳,为…提供空间 每一种新理论不仅仅必须容纳旧理论中正确有效的预测,而且还应该解释这些预测为何 能在旧理论的范围内卓有成效。 The sociologist responded to the charge that her new theory was----by pointing out that it did not in fact contradict accepted sociological principles. banal heretical unproven complex superficial ------------------------ 答案:(B) sociologist: n.社会学家 respond to: v.1.对…作答(或回答) 2.对…作出反应,响应 charge: n.控告,指控,指责 contradict: v.1.否认…的真实性 2.反驳 3.与…抵触,违背,与…矛盾 banal: a.陈腐平庸的,乏味的 heretical: a.异教的,异端的,持左道旁门观点的,叛经离道的 superficial: a.1.表面的,外部的 2.粗率的,肤浅的,浅薄的 某位社会学家对他人的责难--即她的新理论乃离经叛道之邪说--作出了回答,她指出, 这一新理论事实上并没有背悖那些众所接受的社会学准则。 研究中之偶尔与必然 An investigation that is----can occasionally yield new facts, even notable ones, but typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction. timely unguided consistent uncomplicated subjective ------------------------ 答案:(B) yield: v.产生,带来 typically: adv.典型地,普遍地 timely: a.及时的,适时的 uncomplicated: a.不复杂的 subjective: a.1.主观的 2.个人的臆想的 3.主体的 某种漫无定向的研究偶尔能带来的新的事实,甚至是引人瞩目的事实;但普遍而言, 此类事实的出现乃某种朝着明确方向进行的研究所致的结果。 Although specific concerns may determine the intent of a research project, its results are often- ---. unanticipated beneficial expensive spectacular specialized ------------------------ 答案:(A) specific: a.特定的,具体的,明确的 concern: n.1.关切的事,感兴趣的事,事务 2.挂念,忧虑 3.关系(联) intent: n.1.意图,目的 2.意见,含义 unanticipated: a.未曾料到的,意料之外的,未曾预料的 beneficial: a.1.有益的,有利的,有帮助的 2.有使用权的,受益的 spectacular: a.1.蔚为壮观的,豪华富丽的 2.引人注目的,惊人的,突出的 specialized: a.专门的,专科的,专业化的 尽管具体的事务能确定研究项目的目的,但研究的结果却常常是难以预料的。 That many of the important laws of science were discovered during experiments designed to----other phenomena suggests that experimental results are the----of inevitable natural forces rather than of planning. analyze.. foundations disprove.. predecessors alter.. adjuncts illuminate.. consequence verify.. essence ------------------------ 答案:(D) disprove: v.证明…不能成立,证明…的虚假,反驳 predecessor: n.1.前任,前辈 2.(被取代的)原有事物,前身 adjunct: n.1.附属物,辅助物 2.助手,副手 illuminate: v.1.照明,照亮 2.阐明,解释,启发(迪) verify: v.1.证明,证实 2.核实,查对,查清 许多重要的科学定律均被发现于旨在阐明其它现象的实验过程中,此类情况表明,实验 结 果是无可避免的自然力量而非人为策划的后果。 客观性 科学scientific与人humanism (好像在鬼子眼里两者总是对立dichotomy的,怪不得写论文是老是让我们用被动 式,原来怕humanism干扰,hehe) Despite assorted effusions to the contrary, there is no necessary link between scientific skill and humanism, and, quite possibly, there may be something of a----between them. generality fusion congruity dichotomy reciprocity ------------------------ 答案:(D) assorted: a.1.各种各样的,形形色色的 2.分类的 effusion: n.1.(液、气、体)流泻出 2.(思想感情)迸发,倾泻 humanism: n.1.人道主义 2.人本主义 3.人文主义(运动) 4.人文学科研究,古典文化研究 generality: n.一般性,普遍性,共通性,一般原则 fusion: n.1.熔化,熔解 2.熔制物 congruity: n.一致(性),适合(性),和谐(性),共同(性) dichotomy: n.一分成二;对分,二分法 reciprocity: n.1.相互性,相关性,相互关系,相互依存 2.互给,互换,至惠,对等 尽管众说纷纭,南辕北辙,但是,在科学技能和人文学科之间没有任何必然的联系,并 且 很有可能地,两者之间或许存在着某种程度上的互为分割。 In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears----, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not ----creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible. anomalous.. allow for abstract.. speak to anachronistic.. deny enduring.. value contradictory.. exclude ------------------------ 答案:(A) machinelike: a.像机器似的,机械的,稳恒不变的 classical physics: n.经典物理学 intellect: n.智力,理解力,领悟力,思维能力,理性 reasoning: n.1.推论,推理 2.论据,理由 formulation: n.系统确切的阐述 anomalous: a.1.反常的,异常的,不规则的 2.不协调的,不一致的 abstract: a.抽象的,纯理论的,纯概念的 anachronistic: a.时代错误的,年代误植;落伍过时的 enduring: a.持久的,永久的,耐久的 speak to向 ... 说, 招呼; 说到; 不离题;(为他人)向...说情恳求 ;申斥; 忠告 ;证明 allow for 估计到, 考虑到; 对...留有余地 在经典物理学那种像机器似的世界中,人类理性显得不相协调,因为经典物理学的机械 性质并不应允创造性的逻辑推理,而正是这种能力致使经典原理的系统阐述得以成为可 能。 When theories formerly considered to be----in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives way to the recognition that categories of knowledge are human----. disinterested.. constructions callous.. errors verifiable.. prejudices convincing.. imperatives unassailable.. fantasies ------------------------ 答案:(A) objectivity: n.客观,客观性 reflect: v.折射,反映 consistent: a.一贯的,自始至终的 evaluative: a.评估的,评价的 bias: n.1.(织物的)斜纹 2.偏见,偏心,偏袒 presumed: a.假定的,推测的 neutrality: n.中立(地位),不偏不依中性 give way to: v.让位于,让步给,屈服于 recognition: n.认识,识别,承认,确认 category: n.1.类别 2.范畴 disinterested: a.1.无私的,公正的 2.不感兴趣的,冷漠的 callous: a.1.长老茧的,厚硬的 2.麻木不仁的,冷酷无情的? verifiable: a.可证实的,可核实的 imperative: n.1.必要(紧急)的事 2.命令,规则 unassailable: a.1.攻不破的 2.不容怀疑的,无懈可击的 当某些在其科学客观性方面被视为是公正无偏的理论相反却被发现反映着一种自始至终 的观察与评价偏谬时,这样一来,科学的那种假设的中立性就让位于这样一种可认识, 即知 识的诸范畴实乃人为构造之物而已。 objectivity= neutrality= disinterested verifiable= unassailable The----of the early Greek philosophers' attempts to explain the operations of the cosmos led certain later thinkers to inquire into the----of human reason. difficulty.. origin meaning.. supremacy complexity.. reality equivocations.. subtlety failures.. efficacy ------------------------ 答案:(E) cosmos: n.1.宇宙 2.(思想等完整和谐的)一统体性 3.秩序,和谐 supremacy: n.1.至高无上 2.霸权地位,优势,最高地位 equivocation: n.含糊其辞,躲闪,推诿 subtlety: n.1.隐约难辨,稀薄 2.微妙,深奥 3.细微 efficacy: n.功效,效验,有效性 古希腊哲学家试图解释宇宙的运转,这些尝试的失败致使某些后来的思想家对人类理性 的 效验表示质疑。 Though science is often imagined as a----- exploration of external reality, scientists are no different from anyone else: they are----human beings enmeshed in a web of personal and social circumstances. fervent.. vulnerable neutral.. rational painstaking.. careless disinterested.. passionate cautious.. dynamic ------------------------ 答案:(D) external: a.外部的,外在的,外表的,外界的 enmesh: v.1.使陷入网中被捕捉 2.缠住,使卷入 fervent: a.1.炽热的 2.热情的,热诚的,强烈的 vulnerable: a.1.易受伤的,脆弱的 2.敏感的 3.难防御的 neutral: a.1.中立的 2.不确定的,模糊的,不引起(或不反映)变化的 rational: a.1.理性的,理智的,明事理的 2.合理的 painstaking: a.勤恳的,煞费苦心的,精心的 disinterested: a.1.无私的,公正的 2.不感兴趣的,冷漠的 passionate: 1.热情的,感情强烈的,情绪激昂的 2.脾气急躁的,愤怒的 dynamic: 1.动力的,动态的,动力学的 2.有活力的,强有力的,精悍的 尽管科学常常被想象成为对外部现实的一种客观冷静的探索,但是,科学家却与其他任 何 人毫无两致,他们都是些感情丰富的人,深陷于个人的和社会的关系之网。 Scientists' pristine reputation as devotees of the disinterested pursuit of truth has been----by recent evidence that some scientists have deliberately ----experimental results to further their own careers. reinforced.. published validated.. suppressed exterminated.. replicated compromised.. fabricated resuscitated.. challenged ------------------------ 答案:(D) pritine: a.1.太古的,原始(时期)的,早期的 2.本来的,原有的 devotee: n.1.献身者,热心之士,爱好者 2.虔诚(或狂热)的宗教徒 disinterested: a.1.无私的,公正的 2.不感兴趣的,冷漠的 deliberately: adv.1.慎重地,深思熟虑地 2.审慎地,谨慎地 3.故意的 4.从容地 further: v.促进,推进,助长 career: n.1.生涯,经历,职业 2.成功,成就 3.进程,(行动或过程)顶点 validate: v.1.使生效 2.批准,确认…有效 3.证实,确证 suppress: v.1.压制,镇压,禁止,废止 2.抑制,忍住,阻止 3.隐瞒 exterminate: v.根除,灭绝,消除 replicate: v.1.折转,反转 2.使复现,重复,复制,摹写 compromise: v.1.通过互让解决 2.连累,危及,损害 3.泄露,放弃 fabricate: v.捏造,伪造,编造 resuscitate: v.1.使复活,复生,苏醒 2.使复兴,使恢复 科学家们作为笃实的客观真理的追索者,这一原初的声誉由于近期的证据而遭到毁损, 这 些证据表明,有些科学家蓄意捏造实验结果,以达到事业享通之目的。 Faraday does not ---- any particular theory; she believes that each theory increases our understanding of some dreams but that no single theory can ---- them all. endorse.. explain discuss.. simplify mention.. replace evaluate.. identify criticize.. eradicate ------------------------ 答案:(A) 于是就有了下面的这对矛盾 简单与复杂一对矛盾 simplistic〈-〉productive abundant fecundity 〈-〉economy Our new tools of systems analysis, powerful though they may be, lead to----theories, especially, and predictably, in economics and political science, where productive approaches have long been highly----. pragmatic.. speculative inelegant.. efficacious explanatory.. intuitional wrongheaded.. convergent simplistic.. elusive ------------------------ 答案:(E) systems analysis: n.系统分析 productive: a.富有成效的,有建设性的,产生效果的 approach: n.1.进路,入门,途径 2.(处理问题的)方式,方法,态度 pragmatic: a.1.讲究实际的,实干的,重实效的 2.实用主义的 speculative: a.1.沉思默想的,深思熟虑的 2.猜测性的,〔哲〕思辩的 3.纯理论的 efficacious: a.有效验的,灵验的 intuitional: a.直觉的 wrongheaded: a.判断错误的,固执已见的,执迷不悟的 convergent: a.1.会合的,会聚的 2.显示会合趋向的,趋同的,聚合的,求同的 simplistic: a.过分简单化的 elusive: a.1.逃避的,躲闪的 2.难以表达(捉摸,理解)的,令人困惑的 我们的系统分析的新手段,尽管有可能是强有力的,但仍导致过分简单化的理论,尤其 是 --并且可以预料的是--在经济学和政治科学领域内,富有成效的方法长期以来一直非 常难以捕捉到。 The Neoplatonists' conception of a deity, in which perfection was measured by abundant fecundity, was contradicted by that of the Aristotelians, in which perfection was displayed in the ---- of creation. profusion precision variety clarity economy ------------------------ 答案:(E) abundant<-> economy economy:经济, 节约, 节约措施, 经济实惠, 系统, 机体, 经济制度的状况 fecundity creation The simplicity of the theory-its main attraction is also its ------ , for only by ------ the assumptions of the theory is it possible to explain the most recent observations made by researchers. liability.. accepting virtue.. qualifying downfall.. considering glory.. rejecting undoing.. supplementing ------------------------ 答案:(E) 简单的理论不充实,要补充适当假设 undoing:毁坏、失败的原因 The discovery that, friction excluded, all bodies fall at the same rate is so simple to state and to grasp that there is a tendency to----its significance. underrate control reassess praise eliminate ------------------------ 答案:(A) friction: n.1.摩擦(力) 2.不和,抵触 grasp: v.1.抓住,握紧 2.理解,领会 underrate:对…估计过低,过低评价 reassess: v.对…再估价,再确定…的金额 eliminate: v.1.排除,消除 2.淘汰 3.不予考虑 所有的物体在摩擦力忽略不计的情况下均会以相同的速度坠落,这一发现是如此易于陈 述 和理解,以致于存在着一种贬低其重要性的倾向。 评价及其证据 似简实难与似难实简 Number theory is rich in problems of an especially----sort: they are tantalizingly simple to state but----difficult to solve. cryptic.. deceptively spurious.. equally abstruse.. ostensibly elegant.. rarely vexing ..notoriously ------------------------ 答案:(E) number theory: n.〔数〕数论 be rich in: v.富含,大量包含 sort: n.性质,品质,性格,品性 tantalizing: a.逗引性的,挑逗性的,可望而不可即的 cryptic: a.有隐义的,神秘的,(简短而)意义含糊的,令人困惑的 deceptive: a.骗人的,容易使人上当的,靠不住的 spurious: a.1.私生的 2.假的,伪造的,欺骗性的 abstruse: a.深奥的,难解的 ostensibly: adv.1.表面上地,假装地,诡称地 2.可公开地,明显地 vexing: a.惹人恼火的,使人苦(烦)恼的,伤脑筋的 notorious: a.1.臭名昭著的,声名狼藉的 2.著名的,众所周知的 数论中所包含的大量问题具有一种特别令人苦恼的性质:它们陈述起来近乎诱人 地简易,但众所周知地,极难解决。 Despite the apparently bewildering complexity of this procedure, the underlying----is quite----. simplicity.. calculated principle.. elementary confusion.. imaginary purpose.. effective theory.. modern ------------------------ 答案:(B) apparantly: adv.1.清晰可见地 2.显然地,明显地 3.表面上地,貌似(真实)地 bewildering: a.令人困惑的,令人昏乱的 underlying: a.1.在下面的 2.基本的,根本的 3.潜在的,含蓄的,隐晦的 4.底层的,基础的 simplicity: n.1.简单,简易,简明 2.简朴,朴素 3.纯朴,单纯 calculated: a.精心策划的,蓄意的 elementary: a.基本的,(问题等)简单易答的 imaginary: a.假想的,虚构的,想象中的 尽管这一程序表面上具有一种令人困惑的复杂性,但其深层的原理却是相当基本简易。 A leading chemist believes that many scientists have difficulty with stereochemistry because much of the relevant nomenclature is----, in that it combines concepts that should be kept----. obscure.. interrelated specialized.. intact subtle.. inviolate descriptive.. separate imprecise.. discrete ------------------------ 答案:(E) leading: a.1.领导的,带领的 2.最重要的,主要的 3.首位的,前列的 have difficulty with: v.难以接受,对…感到为难棘手 stereochemistry: n.立体化学 relevant: a.1.有关的,确当的,适宜的 2.相关联的,相称的 3.有重大关系的 nomenclature: n.名称,术语,专门名词 in that: conj.因为 interrelated: a.相互关系的,相互关联的 specialized: a.专门的,专科的 intact: a.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的 subtle: a.1.隐约的,清淡的,纤细的 2.微妙的,奥妙的,深奥难测的,隐晦的 3.精细的,敏锐的 inviolate: a.不受侵犯的,未受破坏的,不受亵渎的,纯洁的 discrete: a.分离的,互不关系的 一位重要的化学家表示相信,许多科学家之所以感到立体化学棘手难弄,是因为诸多相 关 的术语有失精准,因为它把那些本该保持互不相涉的概念混杂纠合在一起。 学科独立的条件 Psychology has slowly evolved into an---- scientific discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and responsibilities as other sciences. independent unusual outmoded uncontrolled inactive ------------------------ 答案:(A) evolve into: v.演化,发展,展开,〔生〕进化,成化 discipline: n.科学 autonomous: a.自治的,独立自主的,独立存在的,自发的 privilege: n.特别待遇,特殊荣幸,特权 outmoded: a.过时了的,废弃了的 心理学已缓慢地演变成一种独立的、具有科学性的学科,现在可以独立自主地运作,拥 有 与其他科学相同的独特地位与责任。 Superficial differences between the special problems and techniques of the physical sciences and those of the biological sciences are sometimes cited as evidence for the ---- of biology and for the claim that the methods of physics are therefore not adequate to biological inquiry. autonomy vitalism purposiveness obsolescence irrelevance ------------------------ 答案:(A) superficial: a.1.表面的,外部的 2.表面性的,粗略草率的 3.肤浅的,浅薄的 cite: v.引用,引证,提出,举出 adequate: a.1.适当的,胜任的 2.能满足需要的,足够的 autonomy: n.1.自治(权) 2.自治团体 3.人身自由;自由,自主权,自由意志 vitalism: n.生机论 purposiveness: n.1.目的性 2.决心,果断 obsolescence: n.1.废弃,过时 2.(器官)废退,退化 irrelevance: n.不相关,不中肯,不切题,离题,枝节问题 在自然科学的特殊问题和技术与生物科学的特殊问题跟技术之间存在着的表面上的差 异,时而被人援引而为证据,藉此来证明生物学的自成一体的自主独立,并证明这样一 种声 称,即物理学之方法因此就不足以来满足生物学研究的要求。 试验理论关系 In scientific inquiry it becomes a matter of duty to expose a ----hypothesis to every possible kind of----. tentative.. examination debatable.. approximation well-established.. rationalization logical.. elaboration suspect.. correlation ------------------------ 答案:(A) inquiry: n.1.质询 2.探究,调查,调研 matter of duty: n.义不容辞的问题,义无反顾之事 expose...to...: v.使暴露于,使…遭受,使处于…的作用(或影响)下 hypothesis: n.假设,前提 tentative: a.1.试验(探)性,暂时的 2.迟疑不决的 debatable: a.1.可辩的,可争论的 2.成问题的,有疑问的 approximation: n.1.接近,近似,类似 2.近似值 well-established: a.根深蒂固的,得到确认的 rationalization: n.理性化,合理化 elaboration: n.1.精心计划(或制作);详尽阐述 2.精巧,详尽,细致 suspect: a.可疑的,不可信的 correlation: n.相互关系,联系,并置对比 在科学研究中,使每一项暂定的假设经受每一种有可能的验证,这已成为一件义无反顾 之 事。 无外乎证明与驳斥 The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown were----not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the---- methodology into question. provocative.. prevailing predictable.. contemporary inconclusive.. traditional intriguing.. projected specious.. original ------------------------ 答案:(A) challenge: v.向…发出挑战,对…予以质疑 assumption: n.假设,假定 methodology: n.整套方法,方法论(学) call sth. Into question: v.对…提出质疑 prevailing: a.1.占优势的,主要的,有影响的 2.盛(流)行的,普遍的 provocative: a.1.挑衅的,煽动的 2.激发人的,令人振奋的 3.发人深思的,引起 讨论的 intriguing: a.引起好奇心的,有迷惑力的 projected: a.规划设计中的 specious: a.1.外表美观的,华而不实的 2.似是而非的,虚伪的,伪善的 由伊丽莎白·赫逊和拉歇尔·布朗完成的实验,其结果发人深思,不仅仅因为这些实验 结果对旧有的假设提出了挑战,而且还因为它们对普遍流行的方法提出了质疑。 Clearly refuting sceptics, researchers have---- not only that gravitational radiation exists but that it also does exactly what theory----it should do. doubted.. warranted estimated.. accepted demonstrated.. predicted assumed.. deduced supposed.. asserted ------------------------ 答案:(C) refute: v.驳斥,反驳,驳倒,辩驳,否认…的真实性 skeptic: n.怀疑(论)者 gravitational: a.引力的,重力(作用)的 gravitational radiation: n.重力辐射,引力辐射 warrant: v.1.授权予,批准 2.证明…为正当有理,证实 3.向…保证允诺 demonstrate: v.1.论证,证明 2.(用实例)演示,说明,示范 3.显示,表露 assume: v.假定,假设,想当然地认为,臆断 deduce: v.演绎,推论,推断 assert: v.1.肯定地说,坚定地断言 2.主张,坚持,维护 研究者们明确地驳斥了怀疑论者:他们证明,引力辐射不仅仅存在,而且,其所作所为 与 理论上对其应有的所作所为进行的预测毫厘不爽,毫无二致。 In order to----her theory that the reactions are ----, the scientist conducted many experiments, all of which showed that the heat of the first reaction is more than twice that of the second. support.. different comprehend.. constant evaluate.. concentrated capture.. valuable demonstrate.. problematic ------------------------ 答案:(A) reaction: n.(化学)反应 constant: a.1.连续不断的 2.始终如一,持久不变的 3.忠实的 capture: v.1.俘虏,捕获 2.夺得,占领,获得 3.引起(注意,迷住) demonstrate: v.1.论证,论明 2.(用实验、实例)说明,演示,示范 3.显示,表露 4.进行游行示威(或集会) problematic: a.1.成问题的,疑难的 2.未定的,可辩论的 为了支持她所提出的理论,即诸化学反应互不相同,该科学家进行了多次实验,所有这 些 实验都表明,第一次反应的热量是第二次反应的两倍还不止。 Although Jungius detected Galileo's ---- in thinking that the curve assumed by a chain hanging freely between two supports was a parabola, he did not ---- what the true form might be. wisdom.. question rationale.. prove error.. discover sincerity.. conceal ingenuity.. understand ------------------------ 答案:(C) detect: v.1.察觉,发觉(现) 2.侦查,探(检)测 curve: n.1.曲(孤)线,弯曲 2.曲线状物,弯曲部分 assume: v.1.假定,假设,臆断 2.承担,担任 3.呈现,具有,采取 chain: n.〔数〕链,线性有序集 parabola: n.1.抛物线 2.碗状物,抛物面反射器 rationale: n.1.原理的阐述,解释 2.全部理由,根本原因,逻辑依据 ingenuity: n.1.心灵手巧,善于创造发明 2.精巧的装置 尽管尤吉乌斯觉察到伽利略的思维--即任何一条在两个支点之间自由垂挂的链线所呈 现出来的曲线即为一抛物线--中所隐含的谬误,但他自己却并没能发现什么才是正确的 形 式。 科学实验评价 Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because, although it----some problems, it also produced new----. clarified.. data eased.. interpretations resolved.. complications caused.. hypotheses revealed.. inconsistencies ------------------------ 答案:(C) reject: v.拒绝,驳回,不接受 clarify: 1.澄清,阐明 2.使(头脑等)清楚 3.净化 ease: v.减除,减轻,缓和 complication: 1.纠纷,混乱,复杂情况 2.并发证 3.困难,难题,障碍 hypothesis: n.1.假设,假说,前提 2.(无根据的)猜测,揣测 inconsistency: n.1.前后矛盾,不一致 2.易变,反复无常 物理学家们摈弃了新颖的实验技巧,因为尽管它解决了某些问题,但同时也产生了新的 纷杂混乱。 In the current research program, new varieties of apple trees are evaluated under different agricultural----for tree size, bloom density, fruit size, ----to various soils, and resistance to pests and disease. circumstances.. proximity regulations.. conformity conditions.. adaptability auspices.. susceptibility configurations.. propensity ------------------------ 答案:(C) bloom density: n.花卉密度,开花密度 pest: n.1.有害生物,害虫 2.有害之物,讨厌的人 proximity: n.接近,邻近,临近亲近 conformity: n.1.遵照,顺从 2.相似,符合一致 auspice: n.1.预兆,前兆,吉兆 2.赞助,支持 3.(以飞鸟行动为根据的)占卜 susceptibility: n.易受感动性,敏感性,易受影响,易动情 configuration: n.布局,结构,外形,形状 propensity: n.倾向,习性 在目前的研究项目中,新的品种的苹果树被依照不同的农业条件进行了评估,诸如树木 的 尺寸,花卉密度,果实的大小,对于各种土壤的适应性,以及对于各种病虫害的抵抗力 。 It is a great ---- to be able to transfer useful genes with as little extra gene material as possible, because the donor's genome may contain, in addition to desirable genes, many genes with ---- effects. misfortune.. unpredictable disappointment .. superfluous convenience.. exquisite accomplishment.. profound advantage.. deleterious ------------------------ 答案:(E) The reduction of noise has been----in terms of----its sources, but the alternative of canceling noise out by adding sound with the opposite wave pattern may be more useful in practice. justified.. diffusing accomplished.. tracking conceived.. concealing explained.. isolating approached.. eliminating ------------------------ 答案:(E) in terms of: prep.1.用…的话,用…的字眼(或措辞) 2.根据,按照,在…方面,从…方面(说来) alternative: n.1.两者择一,取舍,抉择 2.供选择的东西,供替代的抉择 justify: v.1.证明…正当,辩明,作为…的正当理由 2.证明…无罪,开释 diffuse: v.1.扩散,弥漫 2.传播,普及 track: v.跟踪,追踪 conceive: v.1.构想出,设想 2.怀有,体验到 3.认为 4.表达 5.懂得,理解 6.怀(胎) 7.创立 isolate: v.使隔离,使孤立 approach: v.(着手)处理,(开始)对付,对待,(着手)探讨 eliminate: v.1.排除,消除 2.(比赛中)淘汰 3.不予考虑 减少噪音可以通过消除实施源来着手进行,但另一种途径,即通过加入波型相反的声音 来 达到取消噪音的目的,可能在实践上更为有用。 Though it would be----to expect Barnard to have worked out all of the limitations of his experiment, he must be----for his neglect of quantitative analysis. unjust.. pardoned impudent.. dismissed unrealistic.. criticized pointless.. examined inexcusable.. recognized ------------------------ 答案:(C) work out: v.1.想出,制订出,产生出 2.解决,确定 3.理解,弄懂,知道 quantitative: a.量的,数量的,定量的 unjust: a.非正义的,不合理的,不公正的,不公平的 pardon: v.1.饶恕,宽免,原谅 2.赦免 impudent: a.厚颜无耻的,放肆无礼的 pointless: a.无意义的,不得要领的,没有目的的 inexcusable: a.1.不可原谅的,不可宽恕的 2.无法辩解的 recognize: v赏识,表彰,报偿 尽管期望贝纳将他实验中的所有局限之处加以解决是不现实的,但他对于数量分析的疏 忽 则必须受到批评。 Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiments she let a number of---- results slip by. inaccurate verifiable redundant salient anomalous ------------------------ 答案:(E) spot: v.认出,发现,准确地定出…的位置 slip(by): v.滑过,被忽略 verifiable: a.可证实的,可检验的,可考据核实的 redundant: a.多余的,过剩的,累赘的,冗长的 salient: a.突出的,显著的 anomalous: a.1.反常,异常的,不规则的,例外的 2.不协调的,不一致的,不恰当的 一般而言,她总是第一个去发现那些与其他结论不相符合的数据,但在这次特定的实验 中, 她却让一系列不相协调一致的结果从她眼皮底下溜走了。 Although many findings of the Soviet and United States probes of Venus were complementary, the two sets of atmospheric results clearly could not be----without a major change of data or----. obtained.. experimentation completed.. position matched.. implementation reconciled.. interpretation produced.. falsification ------------------------ 答案:(D) probe: n.1.探究,彻底调查 2.探子(针) 3.探测器(飞船) venus: n.金星,太白星 complementary: a.补充的,互为补充的,相配的 match: v.1.敌得过,比得上 2.与…相称(或相配、相似、一致、适应) 3.使相称(相配、相似、一致、适应) implementation: n.贯彻,履行,完成 reconcile: v.1.使和解,调停(解) 2.调和,使一致,使符合 falsification: n.弄虚作假,篡改,伪造,歪曲 尽管苏联和美国往火星发送的探测飞船获得的许多调查结果可以互相补充,但是,有关 大 气的两组结果显然是无法被协调一致,除非对数据作一重大修改或解释。 科学事实陈述 这方面还没有很好的归类 Aspartame, a new artificial sugar substitute, is only----replacement for saccharin because, unlike saccharin, it breaks down and loses its sweetening characteristics at high temperatures, making it----for baking. an interim.. ideal an apparent.. excellent a potential..versatile a significant.. problematic a partial.. unsuitable ------------------------ 答案:(E) aspartame: n.天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸甲酯(一种比蔗糖甜200倍的甜味剂) artificial: a.1.人工(造)的,人为的 2. 假(装)的,模拟的 3.非原地产的,人工栽培的 saccharin: n.糖精 interim: a.1.间歇的 2.暂时的,临时的 ideal: a.1.理想的,完美的,典型的 2.想象的,假设的,不切实际的,空想的 3.观念的,理念的 4.唯心论的 potential: a.潜在的,可能的 versatile: a.1.有多种技能的,多才多艺的 2.有多种用途的,多功能的,万能的 3.易变的,反复无常的 天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸甲酯,一种新型的人工甜味替代品,只能在部分程度上替代糖精,因 为 和糖精不一样,它在高温条件下就会分解,并失去其增甜特征,从而使得它不适合于烘 烤类食 品的制作。 仿生 Nature's energy efficiency often----human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency----the firefly's system. engenders.. manipulates reflects.. simulates outstrips.. rivals inhibits.. matches determines.. reproduces ------------------------ 答案:(C) energy efficiency: n.能量效率,能效 firefly: n.萤火虫 negligible: a.可略而不计的,微不足道的 engender: v.1.使发生,使出现 2.产生,造成,引起,招致 manipulate: v.1.(熟练地)操作,使用,巧妙地处理 2.操纵,控制 simulate: v.1.假冒 2.模仿,模拟 outstripe: v.1.(在竞速中)比…来得快,把…抛在后面 2.超过,胜出 rival: v.与…匹敌,比得上 inhibit: v.抑制,约束,阻止,禁止 match: v.敌得过,比得上 自然界的能量效率常常超过人类的技术:尽管萤火虫所发出的光亮极为强烈,但其热量 却 微乎其微;只是在近期,人类才研制出化学发光系统,其能量效率方能与萤火虫的发光 体系相 媲美。 The brittle fronds of the Boston fern break easily and become brown, so that the overall appearance of the plant is ---- unless the broken fronds are cut off. admired overrated disparaged blunted ruined ------------------------ 答案:(E) In the early twentieth century, the discovery of radium----the popular imagination; not only was its discoverer, Marie Curie, idolized, but its market value----that of the rarest gemstone. stormed.. sank to horrified.. approached taxed.. was equal to enflamed..exceeded escaped.. was comparable to ------------------------ 答案:(D) radium: n.镭 idolize: v.把…当偶象崇拜,极度敬慕,宠爱 gemstone: n.宝石(矿石) storm: v.强烈感染,使着迷,使神魂颠倒 sink to: v.下降至,降落至 horrify: v.使恐惧,使毛骨悚然,使感惊骇 tax: v.1.使负担,受压力 2.指责,责备 enflame: v.1.使燃烧(炽热) 2.使激动过度 3.激起,加剧 be comparable to: v.可以和…相比拟的 二十世纪早期,镭的发现激发了公众的想象力;不仅仅它的发现者玛丽亚·居里倍受崇 拜, 而且它的市场价格也超过了最稀有宝石的售价。 Some scientists argue that carbon compounds play such a central role in life on Earth because of the possibility of----resulting from the carbon atom's ability to form an unending series of different molecules. deviation stability reproduction variety invigoration ------------------------ 答案:(D) compound: n.混合物,化合物 deviation: n.背离,偏离,偏差 reproduction: n.1.生殖,繁殖,繁育 2.复制 variety: n.变化,多样化 invigoration: n.增益精力,鼓舞,滋补 某些科学家指出,碳化合物之所以能够在地球的生命形态中起到如此至关重要的作用, 这 是因为它具有一种变异多样化的可能性,而这种可能性则是起源于碳原子可形成一系列 无 穷尽的不同分子的能力。 Longdale and Stern discovered that mitochondria and chloroplasts----a long, identifiable sequence of DNA; such a coincidence could be----only by the transfer of DNA between the two systems. manufacture.. accomplished reveal.. repeated exhibit.. determined share.. explained maintain.. contradicted ------------------------ 答案:(D) mitochondria: 线粒体 chloroplast: 叶绿体 identifiable: a.可辨认的,可识别的 coincidence: n.1.巧合,巧事 2.符合,一致 3.同时发生,共同存在 manufacture: v.1.(尤指大量)制造 2.把…制成用品,给…加工 3.捏造,虚构 exhibit: v.1.表现,显示,显出 2.展出,陈列 朗德尔和斯特恩两位科学家发现,线粒体和叶绿体共同拥有一漫长的、易于识别辨认的 DNA序列;这样一种巧合只能通过DNA在两个系统之间的转移而得以解释。 Until the current warming trend exceeds the range of normal climatic fluctuations, there will be, among scientists, considerable----the possibility that increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 can cause long-term warming effects. interest in uncertainty about enthusiasm for worry about experimentation on ------------------------ 答案:(B) maintain: v.1.维持,保持,使继续 2.维修,保养 3.赡养,负担 4.坚持,断言,主张 warming trend: n.温度上升的趋势 exceed: v.1.超过,凌架于…之上,胜过 2.越出 fluctuation: n.1.波动,涨落,起伏 2.动摇不定 long-term: a.长期的,长期生效的 uncertainty: n.1.不确定,不确信,无常,易变,不稳定 2.不确定的事物,令人难以预料的事物 直至目前温度上升地趋势超出正常的气候波动范围,在科学家之间,对于大气层中二氧 化 碳含量的增加会导致长期升温效应的可能性,将存在相当程度上的疑虑。 The startling finding that variations in the rate of the Earth's rotation depend to an----degree on the weather has necessitated a complete----of the world's time-keeping methods. unexpected.. overhaul anticipated.. recalibration indeterminate.. rejection unobservable.. review estimated.. acceptance ------------------------ 答案:(A) startling: a.令人惊吓的,使人惊跳的,惊人的 rotation: n.1.旋转,转动,(天体的)自转 2.循环,交替,轮换 necessitate: v.1.使成为必需(或需要) 2.迫使 overhaul: n.1.解体检修,拆修,彻底检查 2.彻底革新 recalibration: n.重新标定(校准,调整) indeterminate: a.1.不确定的;未限定的;模糊的 2.未解决的 地球自转速度的变化在某种出入意料的程度上取决于气候,这一令人吃惊的发现已导致 全 世界记时手段的一次彻底大检查。 Within the next decade, sophisticated telescopes now orbiting the Earth will determine whether the continents really are moving, ----the incipient----among geologists about the validity of the theory of continental drift. obviating.. consensus forestalling.. rift escalating.. debates engendering.. speculation resolving.. rumors ------------------------ 答案:(B) sophisticated: a.1.老于世故的 2.富于经验的 3.(技术)复杂精密的,尖端的 orbit: v.环绕(天体的)轨道运行,使进入轨道 incipient: a.刚开始(出现)的,早期的 validity: n.1.正当,正确(性),确实 2.有效(性),效力,合法性 theory of continental drift: n.大陆漂移学说 obviate: v.排除,消除,避免 consensus: n.合意(意见的)一致 forestall: v.预先阻止,抢在…之前采取行动 rift: n.1.断裂,裂缝 2.裂痕,分裂 escalate: v.使升级,使逐步增强,加剧 speculation: n.猜测,推断 rumor: n.谣言,传闻 在接下来的十年中,目前正环绕着地球轨道运行的尖端的天文望远镜将确定地球大陆是 否真的在移动,从而能适时阻止地质学家之间有关大陆漂移学说有效性初露端倪的意见 分歧。 Although Mount Saint Helens has been more--- -during the last 4,500 years than any other volcano in the coterminous United States, its long dormancy before its recent eruption----its violent nature. awe-inspiring.. restrained gaseous.. confirmed explosive.. belied familiar.. moderated volatile.. suggested ------------------------ 答案:(C) volcano: n.1.火山 2.被抑制的强烈感情,随时可能爆发的状态 coterminous: a.1.有共同边界的,邻接的 2.(在时空,范围方面)同样广大的,同始 终的,同起讫的 3.包含在同一边界之内的 4.完全紧接的 dormancy: n.休眠(或蜇伏)状态,不活动状态 eruption: n.喷发,爆发,喷出物 awe-inspiring: a.使人产生敬畏(或畏怯)之心的,令人惊叹的 restrain: v.1.抑制,遏制,约束 2.管押,监禁 belie: v.1.掩饰,使人对…误解 2.证明…为虚假,与…抵触,违背 moderated: a.缓和的,减轻的,减弱的,有节制的,温和的 volatile: a.1.易挥(散)发的 2.(人)变化无常的,暴躁的 3.短暂的 尽管圣海伦山在最后4500年中要比美国本土上的其它任何一座火山来得更易于爆发,但 是,它最近一次喷发之前的那段漫长的不活动状态却有悖于其狂暴的本性。 Her lecture gave a sense of how empty the universe is, in spite of the ---- number of stars within it. diminishing varying enormous unusual limited ------------------------ 答案:(C) sense: n.感觉,观念,意识 universe: n.1.宇宙,天地万物,万象 2.世界 3.星系,银河系 diminishing: a.逐渐缩小,渐次减少 她的讲座使我们意识到,宇宙是多么的空旷,虽然其中不乏无数的星星存在。 It is true that the seeds of some plants have ---- after two hundred years of dormancy, but reports that viable seeds have been found in ancient tombs such as the pyramids are entirely---- revived.. empirical germinated.. unfounded endured.. irrelevant erupted.. reasonable proliferated.. substantiated ------------------------ 答案:(B) dormancy: n.1.休眠,蛰伏 2.潜伏,不活动状态 viable: a.1.能活的 2.(在特殊气候中)能生存的,(种子)能发芽生长的 3.可行的 tomb: n.坟墓,冢,葬身之地 pyramid: n.1.(埃及)金字塔 2.(数)棱锥(体) revive: v.1.苏醒,复活,再生 2.恢复精力,振奋 3.复兴,再流行 empirical: a.经验主义的,以经验为根据的 germinate: v.使发芽,使发生,使发展 unfounded: a.没有事实根据的,没有理由的,虚幻的 endure: v.1.忍住,耐受 2.(与cannot连用)容忍 erupt: v.喷射,爆发 proliferate: v.1.增殖,增生,多育 2.激增,扩散 substantiate: v.1.证实,证明…有根据 2.使具体化,使实体化 尽管某些植物的种子在经过了200年的潜伏状态之后现已发芽,这是确凿无疑的,但是, 在诸如金字塔等古代坟墓中已寻找到一些可发芽的种子,此类报道纯属无稽之谈。 Cryogenic energy storage has the advantage of being suitable in any----, regardless of geography or geology, factors that may----both underground gas storage and pumped hydroelectric storage. location.. limit climate.. deter site.. forebode proportion.. typify surface.. hamper ------------------------ 答案:(A) cryogenic: a.低温(学)的 pumped hydroelectric storage: n.抽水水力发电蓄能 deter: v.1.威慑,吓住 2.制止,防止,阻止 forebode: v.预示,预感 proportion: n.1.比例 2.均衡 3.部分 typify: v. 作为…的典型,代表,象征 hamper: v.妨碍,牵制,阻碍 低温蓄能的优越之外在于,它适合于任何地点场地,不管地理或地质因素如何,而恰好 是 这两个因素却对地下储气和抽水水力发电蓄能有可能构成限制。 由应用推性质 Hydrogen is the ----element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. steadiest expendable lightest final fundamental ------------------------ 答案:(E) steadiest:替代, 用处, 好处 in that: conj.因为 building blocks: 1.(建筑)砌块 2.基础材料 expendable: 可消费(耗)的,不值得保存的,可被牺牲(或毁弃)的 氢气是宇宙的一种基本元素,因为它提供了基础材料,其他元素皆由此而形成产生。 Since it is now----to build the complex central processing unit of a computer on a single silicon chip using photolithography and chemical etching, it seems plausible that other miniature structures might be fabricated in---- ways. unprecedented.. undiscovered difficult.. related permitted.. unique mandatory.. congruent routine.. similar ------------------------ 答案:(E) central processing unit: n.中央处理器(简称CPU) silicon chip: n.硅(基)片 photolithography: n.1.照相平版印刷(术) 2.光刻(蚀)法 etching: n.蚀刻,浸蚀(法) plausible: a.貌似有理(真实,可信)的 miniature: a.小规模的,小型的,微小的,袖珍的 fabricate: v.1.创建,制造,装配 2.捏造,编造 unprecedented: a.前所未闻的,绝无仅有的,史无前例的 mandatory: a.1.命令的 2.强制的,必须履行的 congruent: a.一致的,适合的,和谐的 routine: a.1.例行的,日常的,惯例的 2.一般的,普通的,平凡的,平淡无奇的 既然眼下利用光刻法和化学蚀刻法在单独一块硅片上制造出计算机中复杂的中央处理器 已 是习以为常,因此,以类似的方法来制造其它微型结构似乎也无尚不可。 Plants store a ---- of water in their leaves, stems, or understock to provide themselves with a form of ---- that will carry them through the inevitable drought they must suffer in the wild. supply.. tolerance hoard.. insurance reservoir.. accommodation provision.. restoration contribution.. support ------------------------ 答案:(B) hoard:储藏 Cryogenic energy storage has the advantage of being suitable in any----, regardless of geography or geology, factors that may----both underground gas storage and pumped hydroelectric storage. 同位语诠释 location.. limit climate.. deter site.. forebode proportion.. typify surface.. hamper ------------------------ 答案:(A) cryogenic: a.低温(学)的 pumped hydroelectric storage: n.抽水水力发电蓄能 deter: v.1.威慑,吓住 2.制止,防止,阻止 forebode: v.预示,预感 proportion: n.1.比例 2.均衡 3.部分 typify: v. 作为…的典型,代表,象征 hamper: v.妨碍,牵制,阻碍 低温蓄能的优越之外在于,它适合于任何地点场地,不管地理或地质因素如何,而恰好 是 这两个因素却对地下储气和抽水水力发电蓄能有可能构成限制。 科学史 While she initially suffered the fate of many pioneers-the incomprehension of her colleagues-octogenarian Nobel laureate Barbara McClintock has lived to----the triumph of her once----scientific theories. descry.. innovative regret.. insignificant perpetuate.. tentative enjoy.. authoritative savor.. heterodox ------------------------ 答案:(E) initially: adv.起初,开头 pioneer: n.1.拓荒者,开拓者 2.先驱者,先锋,倡导者,首创者 incomprehension: n.不理解,不懂 octogenarian: a.80到89岁(的人)的 laureate: n.1.桂冠诗人 2.杰出成就获奖者 triumph: n.1.胜利,得胜 2.非凡的成功,杰出的成就 3.(成功的)喜悦,狂喜 descry: v.看见,望见,辩认出 perpetuate: v.使永久(恒),使长存 authoritative: a.1.权威性的 2.官方的 3.专断的 savor: v.品偿,欣赏,体验到 heterodox: a.异教的,异端的,离经叛道的,非正统的 尽管她最初遭受到了许多先驱人物都会经历的命运--即来自其同事们的不理解--但 是,八旬高龄的诺贝尔奖桂冠得主芭芭拉·麦克林托克时至今日依然健在,品味着她那 曾经是离经叛道的科学理论给她带来的胜利喜悦。 The ---- of her career was her achievement of her greatest intellectual authority at the very moment when she was ---- of a compelling subject. irony.. assured dilemma.. certain enigma.. cognizant paradox.. bereft epitome.. despairing ------------------------ 答案:(D) career: n.1.生涯;职业,谋生之道 2.(事业的)成功,成就 intellectual: a.1.知识的;智力的;理智的 2.权威;说服力 compelling: a.激发兴趣(爱慕)的,使人非信不可的 irony: n.1.反语法 2.反法,冷嘲 3.具有讽刺意味的事;出乎意料的事情(结果) dilemma: n.窘境,困境 cognizant: a.1.察知的;认识到的,有认识能力的 2.有管辖(或审判)权的 paradox: n.1.似矛盾而(可能)正确的说法;似非而是的隽语;佯谬 2.自相矛盾的荒谬说法,似是而非的矛盾 bereave: v.1.使丧失(亲人等),使孤寂;使凄凉 2.使失去(希望、生命等),剥夺 epitome: n.1.梗概,大要;缩写,节录 2.典型,象征;缩影 despair: v.绝望,失去希望 她学术生涯中的一个矛盾是,她得以获取最大程度上的学术权威,而此时此刻,她却根 本没能拥有一个令人信服的研究课题。 伪科学 Just as astrology was for centuries----faith, countering the strength of established churches, so today believing in astrology is an act of---- the professional sciences. an individual.. rebellion by an accepted.. antagonism toward an underground.. defiance against a heretical.. support for an unknown.. concern about ------------------------ 答案:(C) just as: conj.正如…一样 astrology: n.占星术(学) counter: v.1.反对,反击 2.抵消,引证…来辩驳 established: a.被确认的,已确立的 established church: n.国教(经国家法律认可并获得经济上支持的官方教会) accepted: a.公认的,为公众所接受(或赞成)的,普通(或一般)使用的 antagonism: n.对抗,对抗性,对立,敌对,敌意 defiance: n.1.挑衅,挑战 2.蔑视,违抗 heretical: a.异教,异端的 正如占星术在数个世纪中一直是一种秘密的地下信仰,与正统国教的力量分庭抗礼一样 , 因此,在当今时代,相信占星术便构成了一种向专业科学进行挑衅的行为。 Trapped thousands of years ago in Antarctic ice, recently discovered air bubbles are----time capsules filled with information for scientists who chart the history of the atmosphere. inconsequential broken veritable resplendent impenetrable ------------------------ 答案:(C) trap: v.1.使受限制,使陷于困境 2.阻止,抑制 Antarctic: n.南极区 bubble: n.1.(水,气)泡 2.泡影,妄想 capsule: n.胶囊 time capsule: n.时代文物密藏器 chart: v.1.绘制…海图 2.在图上标注,表示,说明 inconsequential: a.1.微不足道的 2.不合逻辑的 3.离题的 veritable: a.名符其实的,十足的,真实的,确实的 resplendent: a.辉煌灿烂的,华丽的 impenetrable: a.1.穿不透的 2.费解的 3.冥顽不化的(to) 最近发现的气泡几千年来一直被禁锢于南极冰层中,它们是名符其实的"时代文物密藏器 " 蕴藏着大量信息,可以帮助科学家们描绘出大气的历史。 To ensure the development and exploitation of a new technology, there must be a constant----of several nevertheless distinct activities. interplay implementation comprehending improvement exploration ------------------------ 答案:(A) exploitation: n.1.(资源等)开发,利用 2.剥削,榨取 interplay: n.相互作用,相互影响 implementation: n.贯彻,执行 comprehend: v.1.了解,领会 2.包括(含) exploration: n.探究(索),钻研,考察,勘探 为了确保一种新技术的发展与利用,在多项依然是互不相涉的活动之间,必须有一种持 续 不断的交互联系。 学科交叉的检验手法 To test the----of borrowing from one field of study to enrich another, simply investigate the extent to which terms from the one may, without forcing, be----the other. risk.. confused with universality.. applied to decorum.. illuminated by rate.. superseded by efficacy.. utilized by ------------------------ 答案:(E) enrich: v.1.使富裕,使富有 2.充实,使丰富 3.强化,富集 4.使(土壤)变肥沃 5.装饰 term: n.专有名词,名称,术语,词语 universality: n.普遍性,一般性 decorum: n.1.正派得体,端庄稳重 2.(恪守)礼仪 3.合宜,相称,高雅 4.合乎经 典,规范性 illuminate: v.1.照亮 2.阐明,解释,启迪 without forcing: prep.在并不人为勉强的情况下 rate: v.评价,估计,给…定级,把…列为,将…认定为 supersede: v.1.替代,取代,接替 2.占先于 efficacy: n.功效,效力,效验 utilize: v.利用 如欲检验从一个研究领域借鉴以便丰富另一个研究领域这一做法的成效,只需要调查一 下,在不致勉强的情况下,一个研究领域的术语在何种程度上能为另一个研究领域所利 用。 As the creation of new knowledge through science has become ---- resistance to innovation has become less ---- taking the form of inertia rather than direct attack. controversial .. sporadic institutionalized .. aggressive essential .. effective public .. circumspect suspect .. lively ------------------------ 答案:(B) take the form of: v.呈现出…的形态,表现为… inertia: n.1.惯性(量) 2.不活动;惰性,迟钝 controversial: a.1.争(辩)论的 2.引起争论的,有争议的 sporadic: a.1.不时发生的,零散的 2.孤立的,个别的,偶发的 institutionalize: v.1.使…制度化 2.把…收容在病院 3.使…成为约定俗成 aggressive: a.1.侵犯的,挑衅的 2.积极进取的 3.放肆的,过于自信的 circumspect: a.谨慎小心的,慎重的,仔细的 suspect: a.可疑的;受到怀疑的,不可信的 随着通过科学而致的新知识的创立业已变成制度化,因此,对于创新的抵制已变得不那 么富于挑衅放肆的意味了,呈现出一种不活跃形态,而非直接的攻击。 The little-known but rapidly expanding use of computers in mapmaking is technologically similar to the more ---- uses in designing everything from bolts to satellites. recent impromptu publicized ingenuous secure ------------------------ 答案:(C) 科学的几大特性渐进性、偶然性、客观性 发展的渐进性 Science advances in----spiral in that each new conceptual scheme----that phenomena explained by its predecessors and adds to those explanations. a discontinuous.. decries a repetitive.. vitiates a widening.. embraces an anomalous.. captures an explosive.. questions ------------------------ 答案:(C) spiral: n.1.螺线,蜷线 2.螺旋(形),螺旋形的东西 in that: conj.既然,因为 conceptual: a.1.概念的,理性的 2.概念艺术的 scheme: n.1.计划,方案 2.阴谋,诡计 3.系统,体制 4.图式 predecessor: n.1.前任,前辈 2.前身 discontinuous: a.1.不连续的,间断的,继续的 2.连贯的 decry: v.1.反对,谴责 2.诋毁 vitiate: v.1.使变质,污染,损坏 2.败坏,使堕落 3.造成…无效 embrace: v.1.拥抱 2.(欣然)接受,采用 3.信奉 4.包括(含) anomalous:a.1.反常的,异常的,不规模的,例外的 2.不协调的,不恰当的 capture: v.1.俘虏,捕获 2.占领,获得 3.引起(注意),迷住 科学是以一个不断拓宽着的螺旋形的形式发展的,因为每一个全新的概念体系既包容其 先 前的概念体系业已解释过的那些现象,又在那些旧有的解释的基础上增添新的内容。 Every new theory not only must ---- the valid predictions of the old theory, but must also explain why those predictions ---- within the range of that old theory. organize.. failed generate.. faltered promote.. functioned refute.. evolved accommodate.. succeeded ------------------------ 答案:(E) valid: a.1.有根据的,有理的,确凿的,令人信服的 2.有效的 prediction: n.1.预言,预料,预订 2.预言的事物 generate: v.1.产生,发生 2.造成,引起,导致 3.生育 falter: v.1.蹒跚,踉跄 2.颤抖,结巴地说 3.动摇,犹豫,畏缩 promote: v.1.提升,晋升 2.促进,提倡 3.促使(议案等)通过 4.发起,创办 5.宣传,推销 function: v.1.工作,活动,运转 2.行使职责,起作用 refute: v.驳斥,反驳,驳倒,辩驳 evolve: v.1.使逐步形成,发展 2.〔生〕进化形成,发育成 accommodate: v.1.使适应,使符合一致 2.调和,在…之间消弭纷争 3.给…提供方 便,通融 4.(宽绰地)容纳,为…提供空间 每一种新理论不仅仅必须容纳旧理论中正确有效的预测,而且还应该解释这些预测为何 能在旧理论的范围内卓有成效。 The sociologist responded to the charge that her new theory was----by pointing out that it did not in fact contradict accepted sociological principles. banal heretical unproven complex superficial ------------------------ 答案:(B) sociologist: n.社会学家 respond to: v.1.对…作答(或回答) 2.对…作出反应,响应 charge: n.控告,指控,指责 contradict: v.1.否认…的真实性 2.反驳 3.与…抵触,违背,与…矛盾 banal: a.陈腐平庸的,乏味的 heretical: a.异教的,异端的,持左道旁门观点的,叛经离道的 superficial: a.1.表面的,外部的 2.粗率的,肤浅的,浅薄的 某位社会学家对他人的责难--即她的新理论乃离经叛道之邪说--作出了回答,她指出, 这一新理论事实上并没有背悖那些众所接受的社会学准则。 研究中之偶尔与必然 An investigation that is----can occasionally yield new facts, even notable ones, but typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction. timely unguided consistent uncomplicated subjective ------------------------ 答案:(B) yield: v.产生,带来 typically: adv.典型地,普遍地 timely: a.及时的,适时的 uncomplicated: a.不复杂的 subjective: a.1.主观的 2.个人的臆想的 3.主体的 某种漫无定向的研究偶尔能带来的新的事实,甚至是引人瞩目的事实;但普遍而言, 此类事实的出现乃某种朝着明确方向进行的研究所致的结果。 Although specific concerns may determine the intent of a research project, its results are often- ---. unanticipated beneficial expensive spectacular specialized ------------------------ 答案:(A) specific: a.特定的,具体的,明确的 concern: n.1.关切的事,感兴趣的事,事务 2.挂念,忧虑 3.关系(联) intent: n.1.意图,目的 2.意见,含义 unanticipated: a.未曾料到的,意料之外的,未曾预料的 beneficial: a.1.有益的,有利的,有帮助的 2.有使用权的,受益的 spectacular: a.1.蔚为壮观的,豪华富丽的 2.引人注目的,惊人的,突出的 specialized: a.专门的,专科的,专业化的 尽管具体的事务能确定研究项目的目的,但研究的结果却常常是难以预料的。 That many of the important laws of science were discovered during experiments designed to----other phenomena suggests that experimental results are the----of inevitable natural forces rather than of planning. analyze.. foundations disprove.. predecessors alter.. adjuncts illuminate.. consequence verify.. essence ------------------------ 答案:(D) disprove: v.证明…不能成立,证明…的虚假,反驳 predecessor: n.1.前任,前辈 2.(被取代的)原有事物,前身 adjunct: n.1.附属物,辅助物 2.助手,副手 illuminate: v.1.照明,照亮 2.阐明,解释,启发(迪) verify: v.1.证明,证实 2.核实,查对,查清 许多重要的科学定律均被发现于旨在阐明其它现象的实验过程中,此类情况表明,实验 结 果是无可避免的自然力量而非人为策划的后果。 客观性 科学scientific与人humanism (好像在鬼子眼里两者总是对立dichotomy的,怪不得写论文是老是让我们用被动 式,原来怕humanism干扰,hehe) Despite assorted effusions to the contrary, there is no necessary link between scientific skill and humanism, and, quite possibly, there may be something of a----between them. generality fusion congruity dichotomy reciprocity ------------------------ 答案:(D) assorted: a.1.各种各样的,形形色色的 2.分类的 effusion: n.1.(液、气、体)流泻出 2.(思想感情)迸发,倾泻 humanism: n.1.人道主义 2.人本主义 3.人文主义(运动) 4.人文学科研究,古典文化研究 generality: n.一般性,普遍性,共通性,一般原则 fusion: n.1.熔化,熔解 2.熔制物 congruity: n.一致(性),适合(性),和谐(性),共同(性) dichotomy: n.一分成二;对分,二分法 reciprocity: n.1.相互性,相关性,相互关系,相互依存 2.互给,互换,至惠,对等 尽管众说纷纭,南辕北辙,但是,在科学技能和人文学科之间没有任何必然的联系,并 且 很有可能地,两者之间或许存在着某种程度上的互为分割。 In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears----, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not ----creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible. anomalous.. allow for abstract.. speak to anachronistic.. deny enduring.. value contradictory.. exclude ------------------------ 答案:(A) machinelike: a.像机器似的,机械的,稳恒不变的 classical physics: n.经典物理学 intellect: n.智力,理解力,领悟力,思维能力,理性 reasoning: n.1.推论,推理 2.论据,理由 formulation: n.系统确切的阐述 anomalous: a.1.反常的,异常的,不规则的 2.不协调的,不一致的 abstract: a.抽象的,纯理论的,纯概念的 anachronistic: a.时代错误的,年代误植;落伍过时的 enduring: a.持久的,永久的,耐久的 speak to向 ... 说, 招呼; 说到; 不离题;(为他人)向...说情恳求 ;申斥; 忠告 ;证明 allow for 估计到, 考虑到; 对...留有余地 在经典物理学那种像机器似的世界中,人类理性显得不相协调,因为经典物理学的机械 性质并不应允创造性的逻辑推理,而正是这种能力致使经典原理的系统阐述得以成为可 能。 When theories formerly considered to be----in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives way to the recognition that categories of knowledge are human----. disinterested.. constructions callous.. errors verifiable.. prejudices convincing.. imperatives unassailable.. fantasies ------------------------ 答案:(A) objectivity: n.客观,客观性 reflect: v.折射,反映 consistent: a.一贯的,自始至终的 evaluative: a.评估的,评价的 bias: n.1.(织物的)斜纹 2.偏见,偏心,偏袒 presumed: a.假定的,推测的 neutrality: n.中立(地位),不偏不依中性 give way to: v.让位于,让步给,屈服于 recognition: n.认识,识别,承认,确认 category: n.1.类别 2.范畴 disinterested: a.1.无私的,公正的 2.不感兴趣的,冷漠的 callous: a.1.长老茧的,厚硬的 2.麻木不仁的,冷酷无情的? verifiable: a.可证实的,可核实的 imperative: n.1.必要(紧急)的事 2.命令,规则 unassailable: a.1.攻不破的 2.不容怀疑的,无懈可击的 当某些在其科学客观性方面被视为是公正无偏的理论相反却被发现反映着一种自始至终 的观察与评价偏谬时,这样一来,科学的那种假设的中立性就让位于这样一种可认识, 即知 识的诸范畴实乃人为构造之物而已。 objectivity= neutrality= disinterested verifiable= unassailable The----of the early Greek philosophers' attempts to explain the operations of the cosmos led certain later thinkers to inquire into the----of human reason. difficulty.. origin meaning.. supremacy complexity.. reality equivocations.. subtlety failures.. efficacy ------------------------ 答案:(E) cosmos: n.1.宇宙 2.(思想等完整和谐的)一统体性 3.秩序,和谐 supremacy: n.1.至高无上 2.霸权地位,优势,最高地位 equivocation: n.含糊其辞,躲闪,推诿 subtlety: n.1.隐约难辨,稀薄 2.微妙,深奥 3.细微 efficacy: n.功效,效验,有效性 古希腊哲学家试图解释宇宙的运转,这些尝试的失败致使某些后来的思想家对人类理性 的 效验表示质疑。 Though science is often imagined as a----- exploration of external reality, scientists are no different from anyone else: they are----human beings enmeshed in a web of personal and social circumstances. fervent.. vulnerable neutral.. rational painstaking.. careless disinterested.. passionate cautious.. dynamic ------------------------ 答案:(D) external: a.外部的,外在的,外表的,外界的 enmesh: v.1.使陷入网中被捕捉 2.缠住,使卷入 fervent: a.1.炽热的 2.热情的,热诚的,强烈的 vulnerable: a.1.易受伤的,脆弱的 2.敏感的 3.难防御的 neutral: a.1.中立的 2.不确定的,模糊的,不引起(或不反映)变化的 rational: a.1.理性的,理智的,明事理的 2.合理的 painstaking: a.勤恳的,煞费苦心的,精心的 disinterested: a.1.无私的,公正的 2.不感兴趣的,冷漠的 passionate: 1.热情的,感情强烈的,情绪激昂的 2.脾气急躁的,愤怒的 dynamic: 1.动力的,动态的,动力学的 2.有活力的,强有力的,精悍的 尽管科学常常被想象成为对外部现实的一种客观冷静的探索,但是,科学家却与其他任 何 人毫无两致,他们都是些感情丰富的人,深陷于个人的和社会的关系之网。 Scientists' pristine reputation as devotees of the disinterested pursuit of truth has been----by recent evidence that some scientists have deliberately ----experimental results to further their own careers. reinforced.. published validated.. suppressed exterminated.. replicated compromised.. fabricated resuscitated.. challenged ------------------------ 答案:(D) pritine: a.1.太古的,原始(时期)的,早期的 2.本来的,原有的 devotee: n.1.献身者,热心之士,爱好者 2.虔诚(或狂热)的宗教徒 disinterested: a.1.无私的,公正的 2.不感兴趣的,冷漠的 deliberately: adv.1.慎重地,深思熟虑地 2.审慎地,谨慎地 3.故意的 4.从容地 further: v.促进,推进,助长 career: n.1.生涯,经历,职业 2.成功,成就 3.进程,(行动或过程)顶点 validate: v.1.使生效 2.批准,确认…有效 3.证实,确证 suppress: v.1.压制,镇压,禁止,废止 2.抑制,忍住,阻止 3.隐瞒 exterminate: v.根除,灭绝,消除 replicate: v.1.折转,反转 2.使复现,重复,复制,摹写 compromise: v.1.通过互让解决 2.连累,危及,损害 3.泄露,放弃 fabricate: v.捏造,伪造,编造 resuscitate: v.1.使复活,复生,苏醒 2.使复兴,使恢复 科学家们作为笃实的客观真理的追索者,这一原初的声誉由于近期的证据而遭到毁损, 这 些证据表明,有些科学家蓄意捏造实验结果,以达到事业享通之目的。 Faraday does not ---- any particular theory; she believes that each theory increases our understanding of some dreams but that no single theory can ---- them all. endorse.. explain discuss.. simplify mention.. replace evaluate.. identify criticize.. eradicate ------------------------ 答案:(A) 于是就有了下面的这对矛盾 简单与复杂一对矛盾 simplistic〈-〉productive abundant fecundity 〈-〉economy Our new tools of systems analysis, powerful though they may be, lead to----theories, especially, and predictably, in economics and political science, where productive approaches have long been highly----. pragmatic.. speculative inelegant.. efficacious explanatory.. intuitional wrongheaded.. convergent simplistic.. elusive ------------------------ 答案:(E) systems analysis: n.系统分析 productive: a.富有成效的,有建设性的,产生效果的 approach: n.1.进路,入门,途径 2.(处理问题的)方式,方法,态度 pragmatic: a.1.讲究实际的,实干的,重实效的 2.实用主义的 speculative: a.1.沉思默想的,深思熟虑的 2.猜测性的,〔哲〕思辩的 3.纯理论的 efficacious: a.有效验的,灵验的 intuitional: a.直觉的 wrongheaded: a.判断错误的,固执已见的,执迷不悟的 convergent: a.1.会合的,会聚的 2.显示会合趋向的,趋同的,聚合的,求同的 simplistic: a.过分简单化的 elusive: a.1.逃避的,躲闪的 2.难以表达(捉摸,理解)的,令人困惑的 我们的系统分析的新手段,尽管有可能是强有力的,但仍导致过分简单化的理论,尤其 是 --并且可以预料的是--在经济学和政治科学领域内,富有成效的方法长期以来一直非 常难以捕捉到。 The Neoplatonists' conception of a deity, in which perfection was measured by abundant fecundity, was contradicted by that of the Aristotelians, in which perfection was displayed in the ---- of creation. profusion precision variety clarity economy ------------------------ 答案:(E) abundant<-> economy economy:经济, 节约, 节约措施, 经济实惠, 系统, 机体, 经济制度的状况 fecundity creation The simplicity of the theory-its main attraction is also its ------ , for only by ------ the assumptions of the theory is it possible to explain the most recent observations made by researchers. liability.. accepting virtue.. qualifying downfall.. considering glory.. rejecting undoing.. supplementing ------------------------ 答案:(E) 简单的理论不充实,要补充适当假设 undoing:毁坏、失败的原因 The discovery that, friction excluded, all bodies fall at the same rate is so simple to state and to grasp that there is a tendency to----its significance. underrate control reassess praise eliminate ------------------------ 答案:(A) friction: n.1.摩擦(力) 2.不和,抵触 grasp: v.1.抓住,握紧 2.理解,领会 underrate:对…估计过低,过低评价 reassess: v.对…再估价,再确定…的金额 eliminate: v.1.排除,消除 2.淘汰 3.不予考虑 所有的物体在摩擦力忽略不计的情况下均会以相同的速度坠落,这一发现是如此易于陈 述 和理解,以致于存在着一种贬低其重要性的倾向。 评价及其证据 似简实难与似难实简 Number theory is rich in problems of an especially----sort: they are tantalizingly simple to state but----difficult to solve. cryptic.. deceptively spurious.. equally abstruse.. ostensibly elegant.. rarely vexing ..notoriously ------------------------ 答案:(E) number theory: n.〔数〕数论 be rich in: v.富含,大量包含 sort: n.性质,品质,性格,品性 tantalizing: a.逗引性的,挑逗性的,可望而不可即的 cryptic: a.有隐义的,神秘的,(简短而)意义含糊的,令人困惑的 deceptive: a.骗人的,容易使人上当的,靠不住的 spurious: a.1.私生的 2.假的,伪造的,欺骗性的 abstruse: a.深奥的,难解的 ostensibly: adv.1.表面上地,假装地,诡称地 2.可公开地,明显地 vexing: a.惹人恼火的,使人苦(烦)恼的,伤脑筋的 notorious: a.1.臭名昭著的,声名狼藉的 2.著名的,众所周知的 数论中所包含的大量问题具有一种特别令人苦恼的性质:它们陈述起来近乎诱人 地简易,但众所周知地,极难解决。 Despite the apparently bewildering complexity of this procedure, the underlying----is quite----. simplicity.. calculated principle.. elementary confusion.. imaginary purpose.. effective theory.. modern ------------------------ 答案:(B) apparantly: adv.1.清晰可见地 2.显然地,明显地 3.表面上地,貌似(真实)地 bewildering: a.令人困惑的,令人昏乱的 underlying: a.1.在下面的 2.基本的,根本的 3.潜在的,含蓄的,隐晦的 4.底层的,基础的 simplicity: n.1.简单,简易,简明 2.简朴,朴素 3.纯朴,单纯 calculated: a.精心策划的,蓄意的 elementary: a.基本的,(问题等)简单易答的 imaginary: a.假想的,虚构的,想象中的 尽管这一程序表面上具有一种令人困惑的复杂性,但其深层的原理却是相当基本简易。 A leading chemist believes that many scientists have difficulty with stereochemistry because much of the relevant nomenclature is----, in that it combines concepts that should be kept----. obscure.. interrelated specialized.. intact subtle.. inviolate descriptive.. separate imprecise.. discrete ------------------------ 答案:(E) leading: a.1.领导的,带领的 2.最重要的,主要的 3.首位的,前列的 have difficulty with: v.难以接受,对…感到为难棘手 stereochemistry: n.立体化学 relevant: a.1.有关的,确当的,适宜的 2.相关联的,相称的 3.有重大关系的 nomenclature: n.名称,术语,专门名词 in that: conj.因为 interrelated: a.相互关系的,相互关联的 specialized: a.专门的,专科的 intact: a.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的 subtle: a.1.隐约的,清淡的,纤细的 2.微妙的,奥妙的,深奥难测的,隐晦的 3.精细的,敏锐的 inviolate: a.不受侵犯的,未受破坏的,不受亵渎的,纯洁的 discrete: a.分离的,互不关系的 一位重要的化学家表示相信,许多科学家之所以感到立体化学棘手难弄,是因为诸多相 关 的术语有失精准,因为它把那些本该保持互不相涉的概念混杂纠合在一起。 学科独立的条件 Psychology has slowly evolved into an---- scientific discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and responsibilities as other sciences. independent unusual outmoded uncontrolled inactive ------------------------ 答案:(A) evolve into: v.演化,发展,展开,〔生〕进化,成化 discipline: n.科学 autonomous: a.自治的,独立自主的,独立存在的,自发的 privilege: n.特别待遇,特殊荣幸,特权 outmoded: a.过时了的,废弃了的 心理学已缓慢地演变成一种独立的、具有科学性的学科,现在可以独立自主地运作,拥 有 与其他科学相同的独特地位与责任。 Superficial differences between the special problems and techniques of the physical sciences and those of the biological sciences are sometimes cited as evidence for the ---- of biology and for the claim that the methods of physics are therefore not adequate to biological inquiry. autonomy vitalism purposiveness obsolescence irrelevance ------------------------ 答案:(A) superficial: a.1.表面的,外部的 2.表面性的,粗略草率的 3.肤浅的,浅薄的 cite: v.引用,引证,提出,举出 adequate: a.1.适当的,胜任的 2.能满足需要的,足够的 autonomy: n.1.自治(权) 2.自治团体 3.人身自由;自由,自主权,自由意志 vitalism: n.生机论 purposiveness: n.1.目的性 2.决心,果断 obsolescence: n.1.废弃,过时 2.(器官)废退,退化 irrelevance: n.不相关,不中肯,不切题,离题,枝节问题 在自然科学的特殊问题和技术与生物科学的特殊问题跟技术之间存在着的表面上的差 异,时而被人援引而为证据,藉此来证明生物学的自成一体的自主独立,并证明这样一 种声 称,即物理学之方法因此就不足以来满足生物学研究的要求。 试验理论关系 In scientific inquiry it becomes a matter of duty to expose a ----hypothesis to every possible kind of----. tentative.. examination debatable.. approximation well-established.. rationalization logical.. elaboration suspect.. correlation ------------------------ 答案:(A) inquiry: n.1.质询 2.探究,调查,调研 matter of duty: n.义不容辞的问题,义无反顾之事 expose...to...: v.使暴露于,使…遭受,使处于…的作用(或影响)下 hypothesis: n.假设,前提 tentative: a.1.试验(探)性,暂时的 2.迟疑不决的 debatable: a.1.可辩的,可争论的 2.成问题的,有疑问的 approximation: n.1.接近,近似,类似 2.近似值 well-established: a.根深蒂固的,得到确认的 rationalization: n.理性化,合理化 elaboration: n.1.精心计划(或制作);详尽阐述 2.精巧,详尽,细致 suspect: a.可疑的,不可信的 correlation: n.相互关系,联系,并置对比 在科学研究中,使每一项暂定的假设经受每一种有可能的验证,这已成为一件义无反顾 之 事。 无外乎证明与驳斥 The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown were----not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the---- methodology into question. provocative.. prevailing predictable.. contemporary inconclusive.. traditional intriguing.. projected specious.. original ------------------------ 答案:(A) challenge: v.向…发出挑战,对…予以质疑 assumption: n.假设,假定 methodology: n.整套方法,方法论(学) call sth. Into question: v.对…提出质疑 prevailing: a.1.占优势的,主要的,有影响的 2.盛(流)行的,普遍的 provocative: a.1.挑衅的,煽动的 2.激发人的,令人振奋的 3.发人深思的,引起 讨论的 intriguing: a.引起好奇心的,有迷惑力的 projected: a.规划设计中的 specious: a.1.外表美观的,华而不实的 2.似是而非的,虚伪的,伪善的 由伊丽莎白·赫逊和拉歇尔·布朗完成的实验,其结果发人深思,不仅仅因为这些实验 结果对旧有的假设提出了挑战,而且还因为它们对普遍流行的方法提出了质疑。 Clearly refuting sceptics, researchers have---- not only that gravitational radiation exists but that it also does exactly what theory----it should do. doubted.. warranted estimated.. accepted demonstrated.. predicted assumed.. deduced supposed.. asserted ------------------------ 答案:(C) refute: v.驳斥,反驳,驳倒,辩驳,否认…的真实性 skeptic: n.怀疑(论)者 gravitational: a.引力的,重力(作用)的 gravitational radiation: n.重力辐射,引力辐射 warrant: v.1.授权予,批准 2.证明…为正当有理,证实 3.向…保证允诺 demonstrate: v.1.论证,证明 2.(用实例)演示,说明,示范 3.显示,表露 assume: v.假定,假设,想当然地认为,臆断 deduce: v.演绎,推论,推断 assert: v.1.肯定地说,坚定地断言 2.主张,坚持,维护 研究者们明确地驳斥了怀疑论者:他们证明,引力辐射不仅仅存在,而且,其所作所为 与 理论上对其应有的所作所为进行的预测毫厘不爽,毫无二致。 In order to----her theory that the reactions are ----, the scientist conducted many experiments, all of which showed that the heat of the first reaction is more than twice that of the second. support.. different comprehend.. constant evaluate.. concentrated capture.. valuable demonstrate.. problematic ------------------------ 答案:(A) reaction: n.(化学)反应 constant: a.1.连续不断的 2.始终如一,持久不变的 3.忠实的 capture: v.1.俘虏,捕获 2.夺得,占领,获得 3.引起(注意,迷住) demonstrate: v.1.论证,论明 2.(用实验、实例)说明,演示,示范 3.显示,表露 4.进行游行示威(或集会) problematic: a.1.成问题的,疑难的 2.未定的,可辩论的 为了支持她所提出的理论,即诸化学反应互不相同,该科学家进行了多次实验,所有这 些 实验都表明,第一次反应的热量是第二次反应的两倍还不止。 Although Jungius detected Galileo's ---- in thinking that the curve assumed by a chain hanging freely between two supports was a parabola, he did not ---- what the true form might be. wisdom.. question rationale.. prove error.. discover sincerity.. conceal ingenuity.. understand ------------------------ 答案:(C) detect: v.1.察觉,发觉(现) 2.侦查,探(检)测 curve: n.1.曲(孤)线,弯曲 2.曲线状物,弯曲部分 assume: v.1.假定,假设,臆断 2.承担,担任 3.呈现,具有,采取 chain: n.〔数〕链,线性有序集 parabola: n.1.抛物线 2.碗状物,抛物面反射器 rationale: n.1.原理的阐述,解释 2.全部理由,根本原因,逻辑依据 ingenuity: n.1.心灵手巧,善于创造发明 2.精巧的装置 尽管尤吉乌斯觉察到伽利略的思维--即任何一条在两个支点之间自由垂挂的链线所呈 现出来的曲线即为一抛物线--中所隐含的谬误,但他自己却并没能发现什么才是正确的 形 式。 科学实验评价 Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because, although it----some problems, it also produced new----. clarified.. data eased.. interpretations resolved.. complications caused.. hypotheses revealed.. inconsistencies ------------------------ 答案:(C) reject: v.拒绝,驳回,不接受 clarify: 1.澄清,阐明 2.使(头脑等)清楚 3.净化 ease: v.减除,减轻,缓和 complication: 1.纠纷,混乱,复杂情况 2.并发证 3.困难,难题,障碍 hypothesis: n.1.假设,假说,前提 2.(无根据的)猜测,揣测 inconsistency: n.1.前后矛盾,不一致 2.易变,反复无常 物理学家们摈弃了新颖的实验技巧,因为尽管它解决了某些问题,但同时也产生了新的 纷杂混乱。 In the current research program, new varieties of apple trees are evaluated under different agricultural----for tree size, bloom density, fruit size, ----to various soils, and resistance to pests and disease. circumstances.. proximity regulations.. conformity conditions.. adaptability auspices.. susceptibility configurations.. propensity ------------------------ 答案:(C) bloom density: n.花卉密度,开花密度 pest: n.1.有害生物,害虫 2.有害之物,讨厌的人 proximity: n.接近,邻近,临近亲近 conformity: n.1.遵照,顺从 2.相似,符合一致 auspice: n.1.预兆,前兆,吉兆 2.赞助,支持 3.(以飞鸟行动为根据的)占卜 susceptibility: n.易受感动性,敏感性,易受影响,易动情 configuration: n.布局,结构,外形,形状 propensity: n.倾向,习性 在目前的研究项目中,新的品种的苹果树被依照不同的农业条件进行了评估,诸如树木 的 尺寸,花卉密度,果实的大小,对于各种土壤的适应性,以及对于各种病虫害的抵抗力 。 It is a great ---- to be able to transfer useful genes with as little extra gene material as possible, because the donor's genome may contain, in addition to desirable genes, many genes with ---- effects. misfortune.. unpredictable disappointment .. superfluous convenience.. exquisite accomplishment.. profound advantage.. deleterious ------------------------ 答案:(E) The reduction of noise has been----in terms of----its sources, but the alternative of canceling noise out by adding sound with the opposite wave pattern may be more useful in practice. justified.. diffusing accomplished.. tracking conceived.. concealing explained.. isolating approached.. eliminating ------------------------ 答案:(E) in terms of: prep.1.用…的话,用…的字眼(或措辞) 2.根据,按照,在…方面,从…方面(说来) alternative: n.1.两者择一,取舍,抉择 2.供选择的东西,供替代的抉择 justify: v.1.证明…正当,辩明,作为…的正当理由 2.证明…无罪,开释 diffuse: v.1.扩散,弥漫 2.传播,普及 track: v.跟踪,追踪 conceive: v.1.构想出,设想 2.怀有,体验到 3.认为 4.表达 5.懂得,理解 6.怀(胎) 7.创立 isolate: v.使隔离,使孤立 approach: v.(着手)处理,(开始)对付,对待,(着手)探讨 eliminate: v.1.排除,消除 2.(比赛中)淘汰 3.不予考虑 减少噪音可以通过消除实施源来着手进行,但另一种途径,即通过加入波型相反的声音 来 达到取消噪音的目的,可能在实践上更为有用。 Though it would be----to expect Barnard to have worked out all of the limitations of his experiment, he must be----for his neglect of quantitative analysis. unjust.. pardoned impudent.. dismissed unrealistic.. criticized pointless.. examined inexcusable.. recognized ------------------------ 答案:(C) work out: v.1.想出,制订出,产生出 2.解决,确定 3.理解,弄懂,知道 quantitative: a.量的,数量的,定量的 unjust: a.非正义的,不合理的,不公正的,不公平的 pardon: v.1.饶恕,宽免,原谅 2.赦免 impudent: a.厚颜无耻的,放肆无礼的 pointless: a.无意义的,不得要领的,没有目的的 inexcusable: a.1.不可原谅的,不可宽恕的 2.无法辩解的 recognize: v赏识,表彰,报偿 尽管期望贝纳将他实验中的所有局限之处加以解决是不现实的,但他对于数量分析的疏 忽 则必须受到批评。 Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiments she let a number of---- results slip by. inaccurate verifiable redundant salient anomalous ------------------------ 答案:(E) spot: v.认出,发现,准确地定出…的位置 slip(by): v.滑过,被忽略 verifiable: a.可证实的,可检验的,可考据核实的 redundant: a.多余的,过剩的,累赘的,冗长的 salient: a.突出的,显著的 anomalous: a.1.反常,异常的,不规则的,例外的 2.不协调的,不一致的,不恰当的 一般而言,她总是第一个去发现那些与其他结论不相符合的数据,但在这次特定的实验 中, 她却让一系列不相协调一致的结果从她眼皮底下溜走了。 Although many findings of the Soviet and United States probes of Venus were complementary, the two sets of atmospheric results clearly could not be----without a major change of data or----. obtained.. experimentation completed.. position matched.. implementation reconciled.. interpretation produced.. falsification ------------------------ 答案:(D) probe: n.1.探究,彻底调查 2.探子(针) 3.探测器(飞船) venus: n.金星,太白星 complementary: a.补充的,互为补充的,相配的 match: v.1.敌得过,比得上 2.与…相称(或相配、相似、一致、适应) 3.使相称(相配、相似、一致、适应) implementation: n.贯彻,履行,完成 reconcile: v.1.使和解,调停(解) 2.调和,使一致,使符合 falsification: n.弄虚作假,篡改,伪造,歪曲 尽管苏联和美国往火星发送的探测飞船获得的许多调查结果可以互相补充,但是,有关 大 气的两组结果显然是无法被协调一致,除非对数据作一重大修改或解释。 科学事实陈述 这方面还没有很好的归类 Aspartame, a new artificial sugar substitute, is only----replacement for saccharin because, unlike saccharin, it breaks down and loses its sweetening characteristics at high temperatures, making it----for baking. an interim.. ideal an apparent.. excellent a potential..versatile a significant.. problematic a partial.. unsuitable ------------------------ 答案:(E) aspartame: n.天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸甲酯(一种比蔗糖甜200倍的甜味剂) artificial: a.1.人工(造)的,人为的 2. 假(装)的,模拟的 3.非原地产的,人工栽培的 saccharin: n.糖精 interim: a.1.间歇的 2.暂时的,临时的 ideal: a.1.理想的,完美的,典型的 2.想象的,假设的,不切实际的,空想的 3.观念的,理念的 4.唯心论的 potential: a.潜在的,可能的 versatile: a.1.有多种技能的,多才多艺的 2.有多种用途的,多功能的,万能的 3.易变的,反复无常的 天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸甲酯,一种新型的人工甜味替代品,只能在部分程度上替代糖精,因 为 和糖精不一样,它在高温条件下就会分解,并失去其增甜特征,从而使得它不适合于烘 烤类食 品的制作。 仿生 Nature's energy efficiency often----human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency----the firefly's system. engenders.. manipulates reflects.. simulates outstrips.. rivals inhibits.. matches determines.. reproduces ------------------------ 答案:(C) energy efficiency: n.能量效率,能效 firefly: n.萤火虫 negligible: a.可略而不计的,微不足道的 engender: v.1.使发生,使出现 2.产生,造成,引起,招致 manipulate: v.1.(熟练地)操作,使用,巧妙地处理 2.操纵,控制 simulate: v.1.假冒 2.模仿,模拟 outstripe: v.1.(在竞速中)比…来得快,把…抛在后面 2.超过,胜出 rival: v.与…匹敌,比得上 inhibit: v.抑制,约束,阻止,禁止 match: v.敌得过,比得上 自然界的能量效率常常超过人类的技术:尽管萤火虫所发出的光亮极为强烈,但其热量 却 微乎其微;只是在近期,人类才研制出化学发光系统,其能量效率方能与萤火虫的发光 体系相 媲美。 The brittle fronds of the Boston fern break easily and become brown, so that the overall appearance of the plant is ---- unless the broken fronds are cut off. admired overrated disparaged blunted ruined ------------------------ 答案:(E) In the early twentieth century, the discovery of radium----the popular imagination; not only was its discoverer, Marie Curie, idolized, but its market value----that of the rarest gemstone. stormed.. sank to horrified.. approached taxed.. was equal to enflamed..exceeded escaped.. was comparable to ------------------------ 答案:(D) radium: n.镭 idolize: v.把…当偶象崇拜,极度敬慕,宠爱 gemstone: n.宝石(矿石) storm: v.强烈感染,使着迷,使神魂颠倒 sink to: v.下降至,降落至 horrify: v.使恐惧,使毛骨悚然,使感惊骇 tax: v.1.使负担,受压力 2.指责,责备 enflame: v.1.使燃烧(炽热) 2.使激动过度 3.激起,加剧 be comparable to: v.可以和…相比拟的 二十世纪早期,镭的发现激发了公众的想象力;不仅仅它的发现者玛丽亚·居里倍受崇 拜, 而且它的市场价格也超过了最稀有宝石的售价。 Some scientists argue that carbon compounds play such a central role in life on Earth because of the possibility of----resulting from the carbon atom's ability to form an unending series of different molecules. deviation stability reproduction variety invigoration ------------------------ 答案:(D) compound: n.混合物,化合物 deviation: n.背离,偏离,偏差 reproduction: n.1.生殖,繁殖,繁育 2.复制 variety: n.变化,多样化 invigoration: n.增益精力,鼓舞,滋补 某些科学家指出,碳化合物之所以能够在地球的生命形态中起到如此至关重要的作用, 这 是因为它具有一种变异多样化的可能性,而这种可能性则是起源于碳原子可形成一系列 无 穷尽的不同分子的能力。 Longdale and Stern discovered that mitochondria and chloroplasts----a long, identifiable sequence of DNA; such a coincidence could be----only by the transfer of DNA between the two systems. manufacture.. accomplished reveal.. repeated exhibit.. determined share.. explained maintain.. contradicted ------------------------ 答案:(D) mitochondria: 线粒体 chloroplast: 叶绿体 identifiable: a.可辨认的,可识别的 coincidence: n.1.巧合,巧事 2.符合,一致 3.同时发生,共同存在 manufacture: v.1.(尤指大量)制造 2.把…制成用品,给…加工 3.捏造,虚构 exhibit: v.1.表现,显示,显出 2.展出,陈列 朗德尔和斯特恩两位科学家发现,线粒体和叶绿体共同拥有一漫长的、易于识别辨认的 DNA序列;这样一种巧合只能通过DNA在两个系统之间的转移而得以解释。 Until the current warming trend exceeds the range of normal climatic fluctuations, there will be, among scientists, considerable----the possibility that increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 can cause long-term warming effects. interest in uncertainty about enthusiasm for worry about experimentation on ------------------------ 答案:(B) maintain: v.1.维持,保持,使继续 2.维修,保养 3.赡养,负担 4.坚持,断言,主张 warming trend: n.温度上升的趋势 exceed: v.1.超过,凌架于…之上,胜过 2.越出 fluctuation: n.1.波动,涨落,起伏 2.动摇不定 long-term: a.长期的,长期生效的 uncertainty: n.1.不确定,不确信,无常,易变,不稳定 2.不确定的事物,令人难以预料的事物 直至目前温度上升地趋势超出正常的气候波动范围,在科学家之间,对于大气层中二氧 化 碳含量的增加会导致长期升温效应的可能性,将存在相当程度上的疑虑。 The startling finding that variations in the rate of the Earth's rotation depend to an----degree on the weather has necessitated a complete----of the world's time-keeping methods. unexpected.. overhaul anticipated.. recalibration indeterminate.. rejection unobservable.. review estimated.. acceptance ------------------------ 答案:(A) startling: a.令人惊吓的,使人惊跳的,惊人的 rotation: n.1.旋转,转动,(天体的)自转 2.循环,交替,轮换 necessitate: v.1.使成为必需(或需要) 2.迫使 overhaul: n.1.解体检修,拆修,彻底检查 2.彻底革新 recalibration: n.重新标定(校准,调整) indeterminate: a.1.不确定的;未限定的;模糊的 2.未解决的 地球自转速度的变化在某种出入意料的程度上取决于气候,这一令人吃惊的发现已导致 全 世界记时手段的一次彻底大检查。 Within the next decade, sophisticated telescopes now orbiting the Earth will determine whether the continents really are moving, ----the incipient----among geologists about the validity of the theory of continental drift. obviating.. consensus forestalling.. rift escalating.. debates engendering.. speculation resolving.. rumors ------------------------ 答案:(B) sophisticated: a.1.老于世故的 2.富于经验的 3.(技术)复杂精密的,尖端的 orbit: v.环绕(天体的)轨道运行,使进入轨道 incipient: a.刚开始(出现)的,早期的 validity: n.1.正当,正确(性),确实 2.有效(性),效力,合法性 theory of continental drift: n.大陆漂移学说 obviate: v.排除,消除,避免 consensus: n.合意(意见的)一致 forestall: v.预先阻止,抢在…之前采取行动 rift: n.1.断裂,裂缝 2.裂痕,分裂 escalate: v.使升级,使逐步增强,加剧 speculation: n.猜测,推断 rumor: n.谣言,传闻 在接下来的十年中,目前正环绕着地球轨道运行的尖端的天文望远镜将确定地球大陆是 否真的在移动,从而能适时阻止地质学家之间有关大陆漂移学说有效性初露端倪的意见 分歧。 Although Mount Saint Helens has been more--- -during the last 4,500 years than any other volcano in the coterminous United States, its long dormancy before its recent eruption----its violent nature. awe-inspiring.. restrained gaseous.. confirmed explosive.. belied familiar.. moderated volatile.. suggested ------------------------ 答案:(C) volcano: n.1.火山 2.被抑制的强烈感情,随时可能爆发的状态 coterminous: a.1.有共同边界的,邻接的 2.(在时空,范围方面)同样广大的,同始 终的,同起讫的 3.包含在同一边界之内的 4.完全紧接的 dormancy: n.休眠(或蜇伏)状态,不活动状态 eruption: n.喷发,爆发,喷出物 awe-inspiring: a.使人产生敬畏(或畏怯)之心的,令人惊叹的 restrain: v.1.抑制,遏制,约束 2.管押,监禁 belie: v.1.掩饰,使人对…误解 2.证明…为虚假,与…抵触,违背 moderated: a.缓和的,减轻的,减弱的,有节制的,温和的 volatile: a.1.易挥(散)发的 2.(人)变化无常的,暴躁的 3.短暂的 尽管圣海伦山在最后4500年中要比美国本土上的其它任何一座火山来得更易于爆发,但 是,它最近一次喷发之前的那段漫长的不活动状态却有悖于其狂暴的本性。 Her lecture gave a sense of how empty the universe is, in spite of the ---- number of stars within it. diminishing varying enormous unusual limited ------------------------ 答案:(C) sense: n.感觉,观念,意识 universe: n.1.宇宙,天地万物,万象 2.世界 3.星系,银河系 diminishing: a.逐渐缩小,渐次减少 她的讲座使我们意识到,宇宙是多么的空旷,虽然其中不乏无数的星星存在。 It is true that the seeds of some plants have ---- after two hundred years of dormancy, but reports that viable seeds have been found in ancient tombs such as the pyramids are entirely---- revived.. empirical germinated.. unfounded endured.. irrelevant erupted.. reasonable proliferated.. substantiated ------------------------ 答案:(B) dormancy: n.1.休眠,蛰伏 2.潜伏,不活动状态 viable: a.1.能活的 2.(在特殊气候中)能生存的,(种子)能发芽生长的 3.可行的 tomb: n.坟墓,冢,葬身之地 pyramid: n.1.(埃及)金字塔 2.(数)棱锥(体) revive: v.1.苏醒,复活,再生 2.恢复精力,振奋 3.复兴,再流行 empirical: a.经验主义的,以经验为根据的 germinate: v.使发芽,使发生,使发展 unfounded: a.没有事实根据的,没有理由的,虚幻的 endure: v.1.忍住,耐受 2.(与cannot连用)容忍 erupt: v.喷射,爆发 proliferate: v.1.增殖,增生,多育 2.激增,扩散 substantiate: v.1.证实,证明…有根据 2.使具体化,使实体化 尽管某些植物的种子在经过了200年的潜伏状态之后现已发芽,这是确凿无疑的,但是, 在诸如金字塔等古代坟墓中已寻找到一些可发芽的种子,此类报道纯属无稽之谈。 Cryogenic energy storage has the advantage of being suitable in any----, regardless of geography or geology, factors that may----both underground gas storage and pumped hydroelectric storage. location.. limit climate.. deter site.. forebode proportion.. typify surface.. hamper ------------------------ 答案:(A) cryogenic: a.低温(学)的 pumped hydroelectric storage: n.抽水水力发电蓄能 deter: v.1.威慑,吓住 2.制止,防止,阻止 forebode: v.预示,预感 proportion: n.1.比例 2.均衡 3.部分 typify: v. 作为…的典型,代表,象征 hamper: v.妨碍,牵制,阻碍 低温蓄能的优越之外在于,它适合于任何地点场地,不管地理或地质因素如何,而恰好 是 这两个因素却对地下储气和抽水水力发电蓄能有可能构成限制。 由应用推性质 Hydrogen is the ----element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. steadiest expendable lightest final fundamental ------------------------ 答案:(E) steadiest:替代, 用处, 好处 in that: conj.因为 building blocks: 1.(建筑)砌块 2.基础材料 expendable: 可消费(耗)的,不值得保存的,可被牺牲(或毁弃)的 氢气是宇宙的一种基本元素,因为它提供了基础材料,其他元素皆由此而形成产生。 Since it is now----to build the complex central processing unit of a computer on a single silicon chip using photolithography and chemical etching, it seems plausible that other miniature structures might be fabricated in---- ways. unprecedented.. undiscovered difficult.. related permitted.. unique mandatory.. congruent routine.. similar ------------------------ 答案:(E) central processing unit: n.中央处理器(简称CPU) silicon chip: n.硅(基)片 photolithography: n.1.照相平版印刷(术) 2.光刻(蚀)法 etching: n.蚀刻,浸蚀(法) plausible: a.貌似有理(真实,可信)的 miniature: a.小规模的,小型的,微小的,袖珍的 fabricate: v.1.创建,制造,装配 2.捏造,编造 unprecedented: a.前所未闻的,绝无仅有的,史无前例的 mandatory: a.1.命令的 2.强制的,必须履行的 congruent: a.一致的,适合的,和谐的 routine: a.1.例行的,日常的,惯例的 2.一般的,普通的,平凡的,平淡无奇的 既然眼下利用光刻法和化学蚀刻法在单独一块硅片上制造出计算机中复杂的中央处理器 已 是习以为常,因此,以类似的方法来制造其它微型结构似乎也无尚不可。 Plants store a ---- of water in their leaves, stems, or understock to provide themselves with a form of ---- that will carry them through the inevitable drought they must suffer in the wild. supply.. tolerance hoard.. insurance reservoir.. accommodation provision.. restoration contribution.. support ------------------------ 答案:(B) hoard:储藏 Cryogenic energy storage has the advantage of being suitable in any----, regardless of geography or geology, factors that may----both underground gas storage and pumped hydroelectric storage. 同位语诠释 location.. limit climate.. deter site.. forebode proportion.. typify surface.. hamper ------------------------ 答案:(A) cryogenic: a.低温(学)的 pumped hydroelectric storage: n.抽水水力发电蓄能 deter: v.1.威慑,吓住 2.制止,防止,阻止 forebode: v.预示,预感 proportion: n.1.比例 2.均衡 3.部分 typify: v. 作为…的典型,代表,象征 hamper: v.妨碍,牵制,阻碍 低温蓄能的优越之外在于,它适合于任何地点场地,不管地理或地质因素如何,而恰好 是 这两个因素却对地下储气和抽水水力发电蓄能有可能构成限制。 科学史 While she initially suffered the fate of many pioneers-the incomprehension of her colleagues-octogenarian Nobel laureate Barbara McClintock has lived to----the triumph of her once----scientific theories. descry.. innovative regret.. insignificant perpetuate.. tentative enjoy.. authoritative savor.. heterodox ------------------------ 答案:(E) initially: adv.起初,开头 pioneer: n.1.拓荒者,开拓者 2.先驱者,先锋,倡导者,首创者 incomprehension: n.不理解,不懂 octogenarian: a.80到89岁(的人)的 laureate: n.1.桂冠诗人 2.杰出成就获奖者 triumph: n.1.胜利,得胜 2.非凡的成功,杰出的成就 3.(成功的)喜悦,狂喜 descry: v.看见,望见,辩认出 perpetuate: v.使永久(恒),使长存 authoritative: a.1.权威性的 2.官方的 3.专断的 savor: v.品偿,欣赏,体验到 heterodox: a.异教的,异端的,离经叛道的,非正统的 尽管她最初遭受到了许多先驱人物都会经历的命运--即来自其同事们的不理解--但 是,八旬高龄的诺贝尔奖桂冠得主芭芭拉·麦克林托克时至今日依然健在,品味着她那 曾经是离经叛道的科学理论给她带来的胜利喜悦。 The ---- of her career was her achievement of her greatest intellectual authority at the very moment when she was ---- of a compelling subject. irony.. assured dilemma.. certain enigma.. cognizant paradox.. bereft epitome.. despairing ------------------------ 答案:(D) career: n.1.生涯;职业,谋生之道 2.(事业的)成功,成就 intellectual: a.1.知识的;智力的;理智的 2.权威;说服力 compelling: a.激发兴趣(爱慕)的,使人非信不可的 irony: n.1.反语法 2.反法,冷嘲 3.具有讽刺意味的事;出乎意料的事情(结果) dilemma: n.窘境,困境 cognizant: a.1.察知的;认识到的,有认识能力的 2.有管辖(或审判)权的 paradox: n.1.似矛盾而(可能)正确的说法;似非而是的隽语;佯谬 2.自相矛盾的荒谬说法,似是而非的矛盾 bereave: v.1.使丧失(亲人等),使孤寂;使凄凉 2.使失去(希望、生命等),剥夺 epitome: n.1.梗概,大要;缩写,节录 2.典型,象征;缩影 despair: v.绝望,失去希望 她学术生涯中的一个矛盾是,她得以获取最大程度上的学术权威,而此时此刻,她却根 本没能拥有一个令人信服的研究课题。 伪科学 Just as astrology was for centuries----faith, countering the strength of established churches, so today believing in astrology is an act of---- the professional sciences. an individual.. rebellion by an accepted.. antagonism toward an underground.. defiance against a heretical.. support for an unknown.. concern about ------------------------ 答案:(C) just as: conj.正如…一样 astrology: n.占星术(学) counter: v.1.反对,反击 2.抵消,引证…来辩驳 established: a.被确认的,已确立的 established church: n.国教(经国家法律认可并获得经济上支持的官方教会) accepted: a.公认的,为公众所接受(或赞成)的,普通(或一般)使用的 antagonism: n.对抗,对抗性,对立,敌对,敌意 defiance: n.1.挑衅,挑战 2.蔑视,违抗 heretical: a.异教,异端的 正如占星术在数个世纪中一直是一种秘密的地下信仰,与正统国教的力量分庭抗礼一样 , 因此,在当今时代,相信占星术便构成了一种向专业科学进行挑衅的行为。 Trapped thousands of years ago in Antarctic ice, recently discovered air bubbles are----time capsules filled with information for scientists who chart the history of the atmosphere. inconsequential broken veritable resplendent impenetrable ------------------------ 答案:(C) trap: v.1.使受限制,使陷于困境 2.阻止,抑制 Antarctic: n.南极区 bubble: n.1.(水,气)泡 2.泡影,妄想 capsule: n.胶囊 time capsule: n.时代文物密藏器 chart: v.1.绘制…海图 2.在图上标注,表示,说明 inconsequential: a.1.微不足道的 2.不合逻辑的 3.离题的 veritable: a.名符其实的,十足的,真实的,确实的 resplendent: a.辉煌灿烂的,华丽的 impenetrable: a.1.穿不透的 2.费解的 3.冥顽不化的(to) 最近发现的气泡几千年来一直被禁锢于南极冰层中,它们是名符其实的"时代文物密藏器 " 蕴藏着大量信息,可以帮助科学家们描绘出大气的历史。 To ensure the development and exploitation of a new technology, there must be a constant----of several nevertheless distinct activities. interplay implementation comprehending improvement exploration ------------------------ 答案:(A) exploitation: n.1.(资源等)开发,利用 2.剥削,榨取 interplay: n.相互作用,相互影响 implementation: n.贯彻,执行 comprehend: v.1.了解,领会 2.包括(含) exploration: n.探究(索),钻研,考察,勘探 为了确保一种新技术的发展与利用,在多项依然是互不相涉的活动之间,必须有一种持 续 不断的交互联系。 学科交叉的检验手法 To test the----of borrowing from one field of study to enrich another, simply investigate the extent to which terms from the one may, without forcing, be----the other. risk.. confused with universality.. applied to decorum.. illuminated by rate.. superseded by efficacy.. utilized by ------------------------ 答案:(E) enrich: v.1.使富裕,使富有 2.充实,使丰富 3.强化,富集 4.使(土壤)变肥沃 5.装饰 term: n.专有名词,名称,术语,词语 universality: n.普遍性,一般性 decorum: n.1.正派得体,端庄稳重 2.(恪守)礼仪 3.合宜,相称,高雅 4.合乎经 典,规范性 illuminate: v.1.照亮 2.阐明,解释,启迪 without forcing: prep.在并不人为勉强的情况下 rate: v.评价,估计,给…定级,把…列为,将…认定为 supersede: v.1.替代,取代,接替 2.占先于 efficacy: n.功效,效力,效验 utilize: v.利用 如欲检验从一个研究领域借鉴以便丰富另一个研究领域这一做法的成效,只需要调查一 下,在不致勉强的情况下,一个研究领域的术语在何种程度上能为另一个研究领域所利 用。 As the creation of new knowledge through science has become ---- resistance to innovation has become less ---- taking the form of inertia rather than direct attack. controversial .. sporadic institutionalized .. aggressive essential .. effective public .. circumspect suspect .. lively ------------------------ 答案:(B) take the form of: v.呈现出…的形态,表现为… inertia: n.1.惯性(量) 2.不活动;惰性,迟钝 controversial: a.1.争(辩)论的 2.引起争论的,有争议的 sporadic: a.1.不时发生的,零散的 2.孤立的,个别的,偶发的 institutionalize: v.1.使…制度化 2.把…收容在病院 3.使…成为约定俗成 aggressive: a.1.侵犯的,挑衅的 2.积极进取的 3.放肆的,过于自信的 circumspect: a.谨慎小心的,慎重的,仔细的 suspect: a.可疑的;受到怀疑的,不可信的 随着通过科学而致的新知识的创立业已变成制度化,因此,对于创新的抵制已变得不那 么富于挑衅放肆的意味了,呈现出一种不活跃形态,而非直接的攻击。 The little-known but rapidly expanding use of computers in mapmaking is technologically similar to the more ---- uses in designing everything from bolts to satellites. recent impromptu publicized ingenuous secure ------------------------ 答案:(C) -- ※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 smth.org·[FROM: 166.111.165.171] |
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