发信人: sudidi (纤柔彩梵~一阵秋雨一阵凉), 信区: EnglishTest
标  题: I can not talking about NCE(unit 36)
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Mon Sep  8 16:51:08 2003), 转信

Lesson 36 The cost of government
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Raymond Frost
The Backward Society
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本文用词和句式上都比较简单，但是如此文章才是我们在考场上能

够模仿和揣摩好的文章。本文的题目看上去虽然显得很宽泛，但是

作者抓住政府与企业的类比关系，论说起来显得得心应手，例子看

上去信手拈来，这种类比的手法无论是在G还是在T的作文中都可

以相类似的运用，并且这种手法也是我们力所能及的。
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If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold
it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces
correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for
developing the country. And it should not be forgotten how small those
resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government
is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.
    This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that
of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and
expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned
only with one kind of cost---- the cost of managing and administering the
business. Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the
cost of government in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business
are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to
behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can
each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to exercise such initiative
as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be  low
because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job,
without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line,
and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a
loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require
armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overheads
will rise correspondingly. As will fall; and the business will have less money
to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and
development.
    It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can
be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government
does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.
But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions
of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to
watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore
has to incur unduly high costs of government.

***********************************************************
Words：
1.incur
i.To acquire or come into (something usually undesirable); sustain:
获得，得到获得或得到（通常为不受欢迎的事）；承受：
如：incurred substantial losses during the stock market crash.
在股票市场剧跌时蒙受了巨大的物质损失
在表示这个意义时，后面应该加抽象名词，而不是具体名词，
同义词有：invite，lead to

ii.To become liable or subject to as a result of one's actions; bring upon
oneself: 招惹负有责任的或由某人行动引起的；给自己惹起：
如：incur the anger of a friend.
惹起一个朋友的愤怒

两个意思相差挺远，需要注意
——————————————————————————————
2.disunited
adj.分离的
对比一下unite和unify：
1）unite
v.tr.
i.To bring together so as to form a whole.
结合拿到一起以形成整体
To combine (people) in interest, attitude, or action:
联合在兴趣、态度或行为上联合（人们）：
如：the love that unites humanity(Germaine Greer)
“是彼此之间的爱使人性结合”(热尔曼·格里尔)
ii.To join (a couple) in marriage. 结婚在婚姻中结成（一对）
iii.To cause to adhere.黏结
iv.To have or demonstrate in combination:
并有，兼备有或证明在联合中：
如：She unites common sense with vision.她将想像力与常识联系起来

v.intr.
i.To become or seem to become joined, formed, or combined into a unit.
结合变成或似乎变成联合、形成或结合成整体
ii.To join and act together in a common purpose or endeavor.
团结在共同目的或努力中联合和行动到一起
See: join
iii.To be or become bound together by adhesion.
混合，化合通过粘着结合到一起

2)unify
v.tr.intr.
To make into or become a unit; consolidate.
统一，使成一体成为或变成单体；统一

相应的名词形式分别为：union和unification
union表示团聚，比如说亲人团圆，快要到中秋节了哦：）
unification则表示一种抽象的统一，比如说祖国统一大业！
——————————————————————————————
3.backward
The adverb may be spelled  backward or  backwards, and the forms are
interchangeable:
这个副词可以被拼写为 backward或者 backwards，两种词形是可以互换的：
stepped backward; 向后踏步；
a mirror facing backwards. Only  backward is an adjective:
朝后面的镜子。只有 backward是形容词：
a backward view.后面的风景
——————————————————————————————
4.sphere
文中的词义不是常见的球体的意思，
The extent of a person's knowledge, interests, or social position.
范围，地位一个人的知识范围、兴趣范围或社会地位
An area of power, control, or influence; domain.
势力范围权力、控制力或影响力的范围；领域
近义词有：domain,field,scope,province
可以联想到hemisphere半球这个词。
——————————————————————————————
5.civil servant 文职人员
相类似的：public servant 公务员

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Sentences and Expressions:
1. If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold
it together.
Notes：
i. 开篇使用了条件的假设，表明本文的主要论证方法是通过假设而
后通过推理论证的手法。这种手法在涉及到较为宽泛的题目中常用
，因为不太可能举出具体的例子加以论证，况且如此较难为读者理
解，所以值得注意。
ii.nation用得极为精到，因为分裂的只能是民族，而不是政府。
state表示的是一种政治概念，所以用在这里不合适。
iii.it is ...to...动词不定式置后做真正主语，起到强调的作用。
——————————————————————————————
2.This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the
amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country.
And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and
backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for
development are correspondingly low.
Notes：
i. correspondingly在文中出现了三次，在第一段就出现了两次，个人
认为这样写不是太好，过于频繁的重复，使人觉得作者在词汇驾驭
上稍欠功底，可以换成其他小词，比如说therefore，so等等。
ii. could be....
    and it should be...
    两个情态动词连用，表明一种假设的手法，与第一句的论证手法
相呼应，在行文时给人不断提示之感，从而把握住作者论证的思路
脉络。
iii. it should not...how...依旧是主语置后，it作形式主语，只不过这次
是从句做主语，这样的句型固然简单，但是用的好可以使文章锦上添花。
iv. Where...引导从句置于前，可以理解成条件状语从句，相当于"if"
再比如：
Where there is life, there is hope. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
v.第一段最后一句极为文章的主题句，以下的论述和类比论证都是
围绕着此句展开。
——————————————————————————————
3.This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of
a private business enterprise.
Notes：
i.compare ... with...开门见山，直接给出本段的写作手法。
注意一下compare和contrast手法的区别：
compare主要强调的是similarity
contrast主要强调的是difference
ii.private enterprise 私人企业
类似的还有
individual enterprise
one man enterprise
——————————————————————————————
4.For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost...
Notes:
concern with: talk about
concern for/about: 关心
——————————————————————————————
5.If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to exercise
such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads
will be  low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after
each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him
in line, and report on him to someone else.
Notes：
i.initiative 主动，积极性
ii.within their sphere  尽其最大力量
相类似的还有：to their utmost
iii. keep someone in line 控制住某人
iv.report on sb.汇报某人的情况
   注意report本身为及物动词
——————————————————————————————
6.But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions
of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to
watch, check,and control the people accordingly.
Notes：
i.这里又看出nation与government的相对精确的含义。
ii.be in the interests of…, 符合……的利益
再如：for one's benefit
iii.atch, check,control 三个词汇递进的表示了对于人民控制的动作。
iv.这篇文章如今最典型的例子无外乎是Iraq的例子，一对照起来觉
得太贴切了，汤姆大叔现在正是被这种disunited的情况弄得焦头烂
额。^_^
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※ 修改:·sudidi 于 Sep  8 16:51:19 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.132.206]
※ 修改:·sudidi 于 Sep  8 16:54:59 修改本文·[FROM: 166.111.132.206]
※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 smth.org·[FROM: 166.111.132.206]

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