发信人: sudidi (纤柔彩梵), 信区: EnglishTest
标  题:  I can not talking about NCE(unit 16)
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu May  1 17:57:16 2003), 转信

Lesson 16  The modern city

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Alexis Carrel
Man, the Unknown
※About the author:
Alexis Carrel was born at Lyons, France, on June 28, 1873. He was the son
of a business man, also named Alexis Carrel, who died when his son was
very young.
In 1906 he was attached to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,
New York, as an Associate Member, becoming a Full Member in 1912. In
this Institute he carried out most of the experiments which earned him, in
1912, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Carrel's researches were mainly concerned with experimental surgery and
the transplantation of tissues and whole organs.
In collaboration with the French surgeon Theodore Tuffier, who was a
pioneer of thoracic surgery, Carrel performed on the heart a successful
series of valvotomies, and in collaboration with Burrows he grew sarcoma
cells in tissue cultures by the technique of Harrison.

PS: You can see more things about the author in this website:
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1912/carrel-bio.html
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又是一位大牛的文章，读来如与几十年前的智者神交，这份感觉
如饮甘醴。这篇文章的长处在于说理从不重复，既层层深入，又
点面兼顾。在句式上的变化也是值得我们模仿。

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In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the
physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely
neglected.Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum
production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of
individuals may earn as much money as possible.It has expanded without
any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and
without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals
and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the
factory.The great cities have been built with no regard for us.The shape and
dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining
the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the
tenants offices and apartments that please them.This caused the
construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings
are crowded together.Civilized men like such a way of living.While they
enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that
they are deprived of the necessities of life.The modern city consists of
monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and
toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and
thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.Obviously, it has not been planned
for the good of its inhabitants.
*************************************************************

Words：

1.physiological
adj.abbr:phys.abbr:physiol.
Of or relating to physiology.生理学的，与生理学有关的
Being in accord with or characteristic of the normal functioning of a living
organism.
生理的，生理机能的，生理上正常的根据有生命的有机体正常
功能的，或具有此特征的
Color
【色彩】
Of or being an additive primary color.
附加原色的；成为附加原色的

可以注意此词的构词法，作为一个形容词
physics/physical+biology/biological
—————————————————————————————

2.descendant
n.
A person, an animal, or a plant whose descent can be traced to a particular
individual or group.
子孙，后代其血统可追溯到某特定个体或群体的人、动物或植
物
Something derived from a prototype or earlier form:
派生物，从…演变而来的事物从某种原形或早期形式演化来的事
物：
Today's bicycles are descendants of the earlier velocipede.
今天的自行车是从早期的脚踏车发展而来的

de是一个拉丁语演化过来的词根

相似的用语有：
descend  下去
ascend    上升
ancestor   祖先，祖宗
offspring   儿女，子孙，后代
posterity    子孙，后裔
successor   继承人，继任者
—————————————————————————————

3.gigantic
adj.
Relating to or suggestive of a giant.
巨大的，庞大的巨大的或与巨人有关的
Exceedingly large of its kind:
极度大的种类：
最熟悉的一个词：大熊猫 giant panda
—————————————————————————————

4.luxury
Something inessential but conducive to pleasure and comfort.
奢侈品使人愉快、舒服但非必需的东西
Something expensive or hard to obtain.
精美昂贵的物品昂贵或难得之物
Sumptuous living or surroundings:
豪华豪华的生活或环境：
lives in luxury.
过着奢华的生活

形容词形式为：luxuriant  丰产的，丰富的，肥沃的，奢侈的
—————————————————————————————

5.monstrous
adj.
Shockingly hideous or frightful.   丑陋的极其丑陋或可怕的
See: outrageous
Exceptionally large; enormous:    特别大的；巨大的：
a monstrous tidal wave.              一股巨大的浪潮
Deviating greatly from the norm in appearance or structure; abnormal.
畸形的外表上或结构上十分不正常的；畸形的
Of or resembling a fabulous monster.
传说中的怪物的或与传说中怪物相象的

—————————————————————————————

6.edifice
相对比的是mansion 大厦
中国两部名著不妨这么翻译：

红楼梦  a dream of red mansions
西厢记  west chamber

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Sentences and Expressions:

1.In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the
physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely
neglected.

Notes:
i.开门见山的写法，直切主题，我们通常也使用这种写法
ii.In the organization of industrial life...在工业组织的各个方面
很正式的写法，相类似的可以同样用:
in academic life
in social life
in family life
iii.  the physiological and mental state  生理和心理状态
—————————————————————————————

2.Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production
at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn
as much money as possible.

Notes:
i. conception 和concept的异同
concep: very basic ,very concrete idea
conception :理念，相当于notion
ii. in order that 以使得
—————————————————————————————

3.It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings
who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects
produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode
of existence imposed by the factory.

Notes:
i. 句首it 表示industry
ii. 由于要表示相类似的意思，为了避免重复，因此使用不同的形式
without any idea of  完全忽视……
without giving any consideration to…，完全不考虑……
换用了名词，动名词形式，恰到好处
iii.without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the
individuals and on their descendants by...
这句话显得比较别扭，因为produced作为过去分词作后置定语，
理应放在by所引导的介词短语前面好得多，但是这样会引起歧义
。
without giving any consideration to the effects on the individuals and on
their descendants produced by...
这样的话produce可能会理解成为修饰effect或者是descendants，这
样引起歧义，为了避免这种情况，因此将produced放置在effect后
面，这样就好了。
iv. antificial intelligence 人工智能：）
—————————————————————————————

4. The great cities have been built with no regard for us.

Notes:
with no regard for 不考虑……
又一个表示方法
—————————————————————————————

5.The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow
streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the
taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.

Notes:
一系列表示毒的短语，让人喘不过气来，实际上意义是一样，不
过这种写法值得背诵。
—————————————————————————————
6.Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.

Notes：
i. Obviously总结的写法，使得文章结构严谨完整
ii. it 指代城市
iii. for the good of ...  为...着想
类似的表达法： for one's benefits
               on one's behalf
               for one's interest
               in the interest of sb.
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